
Qass. 
Book. 



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AN 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



FOB 



MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 



BY 



WM. B. FOWLE AND ASA FITZ. 




BOSTON: 

FOWLE AND CAPEN, 

No. 13Si Washington Street. 



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Entered according to Act of Congress, in tlie year 1845, 

By William B. Fowle and Asa Fitz, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. 



8TEBB0TTFED BT S. K. DICKINSON & CO.... BOSTON. 



PKEFACE. 



Many Geographies have been prepared for Primary Schools, but 
still it is believed that in several points, both of matter and manner, 
there is great room for improvement. 

In regard to the matter of Common School geographies, it has not 
! only been the custom to introduce much that is not geography, but 
! to devote the larger part of the book to remote countries, with 
which children have little or no sympathy. 

The mischief is, that authors are so anxious to make books that 
may be used every where, that they are nearly unfitted to be used 
any where ; and it is a striking fact, that, with the exception of the 
Common School Geography, one eighth of which is devoted to 
Massachusetts, the popular text books despatch our State in two or 
three pages, and these contain all that our children are taught at 
school of their native town, county, and State ! This little work 
proposes to make them acquainted with Home, at the risk of not 
being used out of Massachusetts. 



PREFACE. 



In regard to manner, it may be said, that this is a practical book, 
neither intended to be learned by rote, nor to amuse children, except 
so far as the acquisition of distinct ideas may give them pleasure ; 
the object being not to give a few unconnected notions, but a regular 
series of lessons, that will serve as a sure foundation for future 
progress. The book is intended, in fact, to be an introduction to the 
Common School Geography, and, like that, contains little or nothing 
that will not be as true as it is now, when the child has left school 
and gone forth to use what he has acquired. The time will prob- 
ably never come, to the present generation at least, when the newest 
edition of either book cannot be used in the same class with the oldest 
edition, — a consideration of some importance in the selection of a 
school book. 

Large Outline Maps, similar to those in the book, will soon be 
prepared by the authors, at a low price ; and, as the plan is different 
from that of other geographies, all the directions necessary for its 
use are given as fast as they are needed. 

WM. B. FOWLE, 
ASA FITZ. 

Boston, April, 1845. 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. 



PART FIRST. 



LESSON I. 

THE EABTH OR GLOBE. 
NO. 1. 

i 



WEST. 




EAST. 



The teacher should first give the child some idea of the world on 
which he lives ; and, if he has not an artificial globe, or even if he 
has one, he may take a wooden ball, or any other round body through 
which a hole can be made, and then, in familiar conversation, he may 
proceed somewhat in the following manner. 

We live on the surface or outside of the Earth, 
which is a large ball as round as an orange. 



6 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

On the cover of this book is a picture of the Sun, 
the Earth, and the Moon. The Earth moves round 
the Sun, and the Moon moves round the Earth. 

Men hve on the outside of the Earth, and they do 
not fall off, because the great Earth draws every- 
thing towards itself 

Show the first picture, page 5. 

If the teacher can procure a small magnet^ he can illustrate the 
attraction of the Earth, by attracting smaller bodies. If he can 
borrow a magnet, he can make another from it in a few minutes, as 
follows: Take a small bar of steel, (not iron,) — a very coarse 
knitting-needle will do, — hold it by the middle, and draw one end 
of the magnet from the middle to one end of the steel, about twenty 
or thirty times ; then draw the other end of the magnet from the 
middle to the other end of the steel, as many more times. The new 
magnet will then draw needles or small pieces of iron towards it, and 
w^ill retain the power a long time. 

Besides moving round the sun once a year, the 
Earth turns itself round once every day. 

Show them, by rolling a ball on the table, how the Earth rolls 
round also as it goes forward. 

Let the teacher now put a wire or stick through the ball or apple, 
and spin it from his left hand to his right. If it be evening, he may 
place the lamp on the right of the ball, and show the pupil that day 
and night are caused by this spinning of the earth, and the line of 
day and night, or of light and darkness, is constantly travelling over 
the globe, making morning and evening as it goes. 

QUESTIONS TO LESSON I. 

1. On what do we live ? 

2. What is the shape of the Earth? 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN 



3. What does the Earth move round ? 

4. What moves round the Earth ? 

5. On what part of the Earth do men live ? 

6. What keeps us from faUing off this great ball 
when it turns round ? 

7. How often does the Earth go round the Sun ? 

8. How often does the Earth turn itself round ? 

9. Why is half of the world always light, and half 
always dark? 

10. What is the meaning of day and night? 



LESSON II. 

The Earth always turns in the same direction; 
and, of course, two spots on opposite sides must be 
almost still, while the rest of the Earth moves round 
them, as the ball moves round the wire or stick. 

The teacher may stick pins into the ball, and let the child see how 
much faster those half way between the two turning points move, 
than those do near the turning points, and yet they are just as long 
in going entirely round. 

The two points on which the Earth turns are 
called the Poles. 

The child may be told that Grod made the world and turned it 
round at first, and still keeps it turning on nothing, in one and the 
same direction, just as invariably as if it turned upon a pole or stick. 



JJIimiMJlg^KDE 




ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



One of the points on which the Earth turns is 
called the North Pole, and the other the South 
Pole. 

When we face the North Pole, all things on our 
right hand are East of us, and all things on our left 
hand are West of us. 

The Earth always turns from west to east, but the 
sun does not move, as it appears to do. 

Here let the teacher tell the child which way is north from where 
he stands, and then ask him which way is south, which way east, and 
which west. Then let the child face south, east, and west, and tell 
the direction of all the other points, while facing in each direction. As 
all pictures of the Earth, or maps, as they are called, place the north 
part of the country at the top, the other parts may easily be found. 

To find the real north, the child has only to face the rising or setting 
sun. If he faces the rising sun, the north is at his left hand ; if he 
faces the setting sun, the north is at his right hand. If the teacher 
has not a magnetic needle, he may lay a small sewing needle care- 
fully on the surface of a cup of water, and it will generally point 
north and south when it stops moving. The floating of the needle 
will interest the children, whether it points north or not. 

QUESTIONS TO LESSON H. 

1. What are the points on which the Earth turns 
called? 

2. When we face the North Pole, which way is 
South? East? West? 

3. When we face the South Pole, which way is 
North? East? West? 



L.MM»l11 «»til]l< 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 9 

4. Face the North; the East; the South; the West. 

5. Which way do you face when you face the 
rising sun? ' 

6. When you face the North, on which hand will 
the sun rise ? On which will it set ? 

7. Which way is your house from the school-house ? 

8. Before noon which way do shadows fall ? 

9. Which way do shadows lean in the afternoon ? 

10. What part of the Earth, or of a ball, turns the 
fastest ? 

11. W^hat two points almost stand still? 

12. In what direction does the Earth turn? 



LESSON III 

A line drawn round the Earth, as far from one 
pole as from the other, is called the Equator. 

The teacher may let the pupil hold a pencil or piece of chalk mid- 
way between the poles of the wooden ball, and murk an equator 
while the ball is turned round. Tell the child, also, that the equator 
is drawn there to measure from, if you go north or south of it; and 
to measure on, if you go east or west. 

A very pretty exercise consists in drawing a circle and marking 
the equator and poles. This may be correctly done on slate or 
paper, without any instrument but the fingers and pencil. Hold the 
pencil between the thumb and the end joint of the fore finger, — the 
handle of the pencil being under the fingers, and pointing towards 
the little finger. Then press the fore finger nail hard on the slate 



10 ELEMENTARY GEOaRAPHY 

or paper. If paper is under, turn it round with your left hand. If 
a slate is used, lay the slate on the spread fingers of your left hand, 
press hard on it with your fore finger nail as before, twist the slate 
to the right, and the pencil (without marking) to the left, as far as 
you can, and then begin to mark as you twist them back again, 
After the circle is made, dot a centre ; dot the poles ; draw the 
equator between them ; draw a line from pole to pole. To draw 
parallels of latitude, keep the equator over the line you wish to draw. 
To draw meridians, hold the poles horizontally, and draw from left 
to right, resting the hand on the wrist. 

Distance measured north from any part of the 
equator, is called North Latitude; and distance 
measured south from any part of the equator, is 
called South Latitude. 

The teacher, with a globe, or map of the world, may point at a 
few places north and south of the equator, and ask whether they are 
in north or south latitude. 

Distance or measurement lengthwise of the equator, 
from west to east, or from east to west, is called 
Longitude. 

The teacher may, with a globe or a map of the world, show how 
latitude and longitude are reckoned, and even explain the figures at 
the meridians on the equator, or at the parallels on the meridians. 
He must, however, be guided by the age of the child. 

A Map is a drawing of the round Earth, or a part 
of it, on a fiat surface, Uke paper. 

To draw the whole Earth, it is necessary to cut it in halves, as in 
the following picture. 



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» MMi3m.mim BmaBaimBaamm»mg!Bxaa 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 



11 



£10.2. 




t/TIlVpoLl^' 



Let the teacher cut an apple in halves and lay it upon paper, to 
show how Map No. 4, on page 16, is drawn. It is better, however, to 
have his wooden ball sawed in two, and secured by a hook or pin 
on one side of the equator, so that it can be opened on a hinge at 
the opposite side. If the ball is painted white, an outline of the 
continents may be drawn on it with pencil or ink. 

Half of the Earth is called a Hemisphere. The 
eastern half is called the Eastern Hemisphere^ and 
the western half the Western Hemisphere. 

QUESTIONS TO LESSON TU. 

1. Where is the Equator drawn on the Earth ? 

2. What is distance north of the Equator called ? 

3. What is distance south of the Equator called ? 

4. What is Longitude ? 



12 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



5. What is the difference between a Map and a 
Globe? 

6. What is half a globe or ball called ? 

7. What is the eastern half of the globe called ? 

8. What is the western half called ? 



LESSON IV. 



NO. 3. 




The surface of the Earth consists of Land and 
Water, and there is much more water than land. 



^ 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 13 

The teacher must explain the preceding map, from the book, or 
by a drawing on the black-board. He must teach the child how to 
distinguish water from land ; and, after he is familial* with this map, 
the maps of an atlas, or a large outline map, should be shown to him, 
and he should be required to point out the continents, islands, oceans, 
lakes, &c. — not the names, but the things. 

DIVISIONS OF LAND. 

The largest connected portions of land are called 

Continents. 

Land entirely surrounded by water is called an 

Island. 

Land ahnost surrounded by water is called a 

Peninsula. 

The strip of land that prevents a peninsula from 
being an island, is called an Isthmus. 

Points of land running into the water are called 

Capes. 

Very high Hills are called Mountains. A burning 
mountain is called a Volcano. 



DIVISIONS OF WATER. 

Large bodies of water between the continents are 
called Oceans. 

Large bodies of water surrounded by land are 
called Lakes. Small lakes are called Ponds. 



14 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



Large bodies of water nearly surrounded by land 
are called Seas. 

The narrow passage that prevents a sea from 
being surrounded by land is called a Strait. 

Water running far into the land, with a wide 
mouth, is called a Bay or Gulf. 

A stream of water running through the land is 
called a River if it be large, and a Brook if it be 
small. 

Two or more streams that unite to form a large river are called 
its Sources; but all that afterwards run into the river are called 
branches. 

Divisions of Land. Divisi-ons of Water. 

Continents, Oceans, 

Islands, Lakes and Ponds, 

Peninsulas, Seas, 

Isthmuses, Straits, 

Capes, Bays or Gulfs. 

Mountains or Hills. Rivers or Brooks. 

The teacher may impress the divisions of land and water upon 
the pupil's mind, by showing him that continents are to land what 
oceans are to water. So islands correspond to lakes ; peninsulas to 
seas ; isthmuses to straits, and capes to gulfs or bays. 

Be sure to teach children that rivers run from high land down hill 
into the sea. Let them find mountains on maps, and follow to their 
mouths such rivers as run from them. 

Ask them if they ever saw an island, a cape, a pond, a river, &c. 
The author has found many advanced children, who had never, as 



•mmnmnscmmfBi 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 15 



they supposed, seen a peninsula, although they had always lived in 
Boston or Charlestown, both of which are peninsulas. 

QUESTIONS TO LESSON IV. 

1. ^^at is a Continent? 2. An Island? 3. A 
Peninsula? 4. An Isthmus? 5. A Cape? 6. A 
Mountain ? 7. What is a burning mountain called ? 

8. What is an Ocean? 9. A Lake? 10. What 
are small lakes called? 11. What is a Sea? 12. A 
Strait? 13. A Bay or Gulf? 14. A River? 15. What 
is a small river called? 



LESSON V. 

If the school is supplied, as it ought to be, with large Outline 
Maps, the teacher will find them excellent aids in this lesson. 

The six grand divisions of land are called 

North America, Europe, Africa, 
South America, Asia, Australasia. 

North and South America form the Western Con- 
tinent. 

Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australasia form the 
Eastern Continent. 

The Pacific Ocean separates America from Asia 
and Australasia. 



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p»i«T m.n. i 'HI I m i l I iKL i > » im» s^ 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 17 

The Atlantic Ocean separates America from Eu- 
rope and Africa. 

The Indian Ocean separates Africa from Austral- 
asia. 

The Arctic Ocean surrounds the North Pole, and 
separates Europe and Asia from America. 

The Antarctic Ocean surrounds the South Pole. 

The manner in which oceans separate continents or surround the 
poles can only be shown on a globe or marked ball. All maps, 
unless thoroughly compared with a globe, will mislead the child. 

QUESTIONS TO LESSON V. 

1. What are the six Grand Divisions of the Earth? 

2. Which Grand Divisions are on the Western 
Continent ? 

3. Which Grand Divisions are on the Eastern 
Continent ? 

4. What Ocean separates America from Asia ? 

5. What Ocean separates America from Europe ? 

6. What Grand Divisions is the Indian Ocean 
between ? 

7. What Ocean surrounds the North Pole ? 

8. What Ocean surrounds the South Pole ? 



18 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



LESSON VI. 

The hottest part of the Earth is at the Equator, 
and it grows colder and colder the farther you go 
from the Equator towards either Pole. 

North and South America are both peninsulas, 
connected by one isthmus. 

Africa is a peninsula, connected with Asia by an 
isthmus. 

Asia and Europe form one peninsula, and are 
united to Africa. 

Australasia and Polynesia consist of islands ; and 
Austraha, the largest in the world, is one of them. 

The Arctic and Antarctic Oceans are generally 
frozen over. 

QUESTIONS TO LESSON VI. 

1. What part of the Earth is the hottest? 

2. What parts of the Earth are the coldest ? 

3. To what division of land does North America 
belong ? 

4. What unites it to South America? 

5. To what division does South America be- 
long? 

6. To what division does Africa belong? 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 19 

7. To what division is it connected by the isthmus? 

8. Which Grand Division consists of Islands? 

9. What two Grand Divisions form one peninsula? 

10. Which Oceans are usually frozen over? 

11. In which Ocean are the islands of Polynesia? 



LESSON VII. 

The teacher may tell the pupil that Massachusetts is situated 
where the black spot is on North America, and the whole State is 
not much larger, compared with the whole world, than that spot is 
compared with the whole map. 

Teach the child by the little diagram at the bottom of the map, 
that the point half way between North and East is Northeast ; that 
half way between South and East is Southeast ; that half way be- 
tween North and West is Northwest; and that half way between 
South and West is Southwest, 

QUESTIONS TO LESSON VH. 

TO BE ANSWERED BY THE PUPIL WITH THE MAP BEFORE HIM. 

1. Which way does Europe lie from Massachu- 
setts? 

2. On which side of North America is Massachu- 
setts? 

3. Which way from Massachusetts is the Equator ? 

4. Which way from Massachusetts is the Pacific ? 
The Atlantic ? 



20 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

5. Which way from Massachusetts are Europe 
and Asia? 

6. Which way from Massachusetts are Africa and 
Australasia ? 

7. Which way from Massachusetts hes the Ant- 
arctic Ocean? 

8. Which way hes the Arctic Ocean? 

9. Which way is Massachusetts from Europe? 

10. Which way from Australasia? 

11. Which way from Polynesia? 

12. AVhich way from the Arctic Ocean? 



LESSON VIII. 

Is North America north or south of the Equator? 
WTiich way does it lie from South America ? 

Which way does South America he from North ? 
Which way from Africa ? 

Which way does Europe lie from North America ? 
Which way from Asia ? Which way from Africa ? 

Which way does Australasia lie from Asia? 

On which side of the Pacific Ocean is America ? 

On which side of America is the Atlantic Ocean ? 

On which side of the Atlantic are Europe and 
Africa? 

On which side of the Pacific Ocean is Asia? 



Ft)R MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 



21 



On which side of the Indian Ocean is Africa? 

Wliich way does the Arctic Ocean he from Europe, 
Asia," and Nortli America? 

In what direction do the Atlantic, Pacific, and 
Indian Oceans lie from the Antarctic Ocean ? 

Which Ocean is the largest ? Which the smallest? 

Which Hemisphere contains the most land ? 



LESSON IX. 

Having given the child a general idea of the globe, the teacher 
may now give hun a general idea of the State of Massachusetts. 

NO. 5 
Neuu Hamjishire, 

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r" HAMmEN.''" 



WORCESTER. 




SUrFOLK, 



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Connectlcat. 



Mode Island, ) ^^v-^'H 



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DUKES 



And first let him familiarly call the attention of the child to the 
shape of Massachusetts, which is not unlike that of a shoe. Amuse 



naiMutM 



22 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



him by asking what State is at the heel? what under the heel? 
what under the centre ? what two States over the shoe ? what part 
of the shoe is in the water ? what on the strap ? &c. 

Now explain to the child the meaning of a County. To do this, 
make him use the knowledge he possesses. Ask him what town he 
lives in ? what village or parish he lives in ? how many villages or 
parishes are in the town ? Then call his attention to the scattered 
houses. Tell him that the town has been measured all round, and 
touches other towns on every side. Tell him that all other towns do 
the same, and several such towns united form a County, and several 
counties form the State. 

Let him draw, as well as he can, an outline of the State of Massa- 
chusetts, without marking the counties. When he can do this pretty 
correctly, let him try to mark off the counties, or make them one 
at a time, beginning at Berkshire. In the mean time, show him the 
map of the county to which his own town belongs, and ask him, and, 
if necessary, show him, what counties touch it on the north, east, 
south; and west. This map is at the end of the book. 

Massachusetts contains 307 towns and 14 counties, 
which, according to their population, are as follows. 



1. Middlesex, 

2. Suffolk, 

3. Worcester, 

4. Essex, 

5. Bristol, 



6. Norfolk, 

7. Plymouth, 

8. Berkshire, 

9. Hampden, 
10. Barnstable, 



11. Hampshire, 

12. Franklin, 

13. Nantucket. 

14. Dukes. 



. 



QUESTIONS TO LESSON IX. 

1. What does the State of Massachusetts resemble 
in shape? 

2. What are united to form a town ? 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 23 



3. What do several towns united form ? 

4. How many counties are in Massachusetts? 

5. What county do you Hve in ? 

6. What bounds it on the North? East? South? 
West? 

7. Name the counties according to the number 
of their inhabitants. 

8. How many towns are in the whole State? 

9. What county hes the farthest east ? 

10. Which county hes west of all the rest? 

11. What three counties touch Berkshire? 

12. What county has the largest surface? 

13. Which county touches Barnstable? 

14. Which touches Plymouth? 

15. What county lies north of Bristol? 

16. What north of Norfolk? 

17. What east of Middlesex? 

18. What county has the smallest surface? 

19. What two counties are islands? 

Such questions may and ought to be asked until the child is per- 
fectly familiar with the situation of every county. 



LESSON X. 

The largest river in Massachusetts is the Con- 
necticut, which crosses the State, dividing the three 



24 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



counties of Franklin, Hampshire, and Hampden 
nearly in their centres, and runs south into Con- 
necticut. 

The next river in size is the Merrimack, which 
enters Middlesex, crosses Essex, and runs east into 
the Atlantic Ocean. 

The third river is the Housatonic, which rises in 
Berkshire and runs south. 

The teacher should show the child that the Housatonic rises in 
Massachusetts, but the Connecticut and Merrimack do not. The 
sources of the Housatonic, and not its mouth, are visible. The 
mouth of the Merrimack is in Massachusetts, but the source is not. 
Neither source nor mouth of the Connecticut is in the State. 

The chief capes are Cape Cod, at the end of 
Barnstable county, and Cape Ann, at the east end 
of Essex county. 

The chief islands are Nantucket, which is also a 
county, and Martha's Vineyard, which is the largest 
island of Dukes county. 

The chief peninsula is that which includes the 
whole of Barnstable county. 

The chief bays are Massachusetts, which includes 
all the water between Cape Cod and Cape Ann, 
and Buzzard's Bay, which runs up between Plymouth 
and Barnstable counties. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 25 

QUESTIONS TO LESSON X. 

1. What is the largest river in Massachusetts? 

2. What counties does it cross ? 

3. In what direction does it run ? 

4. What river runs through Middlesex and Essex? 

5. From what State does it come into Massa- 
chusetts ? 

6. What river is in Berkshire ? 

7. In what direction does it run ? 

8. Which of the three great rivers rises in Mas- 
sachusetts ? 

9. Which has its mouth in this State ? 

10. What are the two chief capes? 

11. In what counties are they? 

12. What bay Ues between them ? 

13. What island is also a county? 

14. What large island in Dukes county? 

15. Which way does it lie from Nantucket? 

16. Where is the chief peninsula of Massachusetts ? 

17. Where is Buzzard's Bay? 



SPECIAL DIRECTION. 

If the teacher now thinks it best to make the pupil acquainted 
with the towns of Massachusetts, before he acquires a little more 
general knowledge of the World, he can turn to Part Second, 
where particular information in regard to every town may be 



r^n»»n»n».i.~.-jj-i— ,^— ^ 



26 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 




UNITED STATES. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 27 

found. The authors preferred to place the towns at the end, because, 
1st, they were in doubt as to the best place for them ; 2dly, they 
can be used noiv, if desirable, though not placed here ; and, 3dly, 
should this plan be approved in other States, these towns can more 
easily be omitted, and their place supplied by similar notices of the 
towns of any other State. 



THE UNITED STATES. 

Having acquired a general idea of the World, and a particular 
acquaintance with the State where he resides, the pupil may now 
take the Map of the United States, and learn how Massachusetts is 
connected with the other States of which the Union is composed. 

The United States are bounded North by Canada, 
marked C ; East by New Brunswick, marked B, and 
the Atlantic Ocean, marked A ; South by the Gulf 
of Mexico, marked M ; and West by Texas, marked 
T, and the Indian Territory, marked d. 

After explaining the above, ask the following questions. 
QUESTIONS ON THE STATES. 

What country do the United States lie south of? 
What ocean are they west of? 
What gulf are they north of? 
What are they east of? 

What large bodies of water he between the United 
States and Canada? 



sanman 



28 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



Direction First. Let the child learn the names of the States, 
by being told the name when the State is pointed at. The teacher 
must be careful that the child does not merely learn the list of States 
according to their numbers, by rote^ without regard to the shape or 
situation of each State. The teacher should chalk a map of the 
United States, like that in the book, and then he can place it before 
the whole class, point to the numbers, and tell the names, until the 
children can call the name when he points to the number. Then 
the numbers should be rubbed out, and the State only pointed at. 

Second. After the names and numbers are thus learned, the 
child may be required to tell how each State is bounded ; first, while 
looking on the black-board, and afterwards from memory. A very 
capital exercise is, to let one child chalk one State, say Maine ; let 
another add to it New Hampshire ; a third, Vermont ; a fourth, 
Massachusetts ; and so on, till all are chalked. Do not require any 
thing but the outline of each State at first, and do not expect the 
first attempts to be very perfect. 

Third. When the pupils are familiar with the States, let the 
teacher add the rivers to the map, pointing to each according to 
the numbers, and naming it, according to the list given in this book. 
Then take the lakes, bays, capes, and other divisions of land and 
water. 

Fourth. Wlien the natural features of the United States, and 
the boundaries, are thus made familiar, the teacher may mark the 
towns, one at a time, making a square for the capitals, and a dot for 
the others. 

It is believed that this method will make both teacher and pupils 
better acquainted with the country than if the names were inserted. 
If the map is not chalked on the black-board, let each pupil have 
his map, but do not let him refer to the key-lists while he is reciting. 
He may do this as much as he pleases at other times. 



'nrriTinram' ru n i "ii'i«iiiiii ■ ■ n iiii i i ini ^iiiiiinmMiii i n iimi mi ii m iw 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 



29 



TABLE. 

In the following Table, which is a Key to the Map, the States are 
arranged according to their population. The largest town is printed 
in italic type. Sometimes the capital is also the largest town. 



States. 

1. New York, 

2. Pennsylvania, 

3. Ohio, 

4. Virginia, 

5. Tennessee, 

6. Kentucky, 

7. North CaroHna, 

8. Massachusetts, 

9. Georgia, 

10. Indiana, 

11. South Carohna, 

12. Alabama, 

13. Maine, 

14. lUinois, 

15. Maryland, 



Capitals. 

Albany, 

Harrisburg, 

Columbus, 

Richrnond, 

Nashville. 

Frankfort, 
Raleigh, 

Boston, 

Augusta, 
Indianapolis. 

Columbia, 

Tuscaloosa, 

Augusta, 

Springfield, 

Annapolis, 



Liargest Towns. 

New York, 
Rochester, 
Buffiilo. 

{Philadelphia, 
Pittsburg. 
Cincinnati. 
Wheehng. 

Louisville. 

Newhern. 
( Lowell, 
( Salem. 

Savannah. 



Charleston. 

Mobile. 

Portland. 

Chicago. 

Baltimore. 




30 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

States. Capitals. Largest Toums. 

16. Missouri, Jefferson, St. Louis. 

17. Mississippi, Jackson, Natchez. 

18. New Jersey, Trenton. 

19. Louisiana, New Orleans. 

20. Connecticut, Hartford, New Haven. 

21. Vermont, Montpcliei- Burlington. 

22. New Hampshire, Concord, Ports^nouth. 

23. Michigan, Detroit. 

24. Rhode Island, Providence, Newport. 

25. Arkansas, Little Rock. 

26. Delaware, Dover. 

27. Florida, Tallahassee, Pensacola. 

28. Iowa, Burlington. 

Territories. Capitals. 

a Columbia, Washington. 

b Wisconsin, Madison. 

c Indian, --..-- No large towns. 

QUESTIONS ON THE STATES. 

What States are north of Massachusetts? South 
of it? What State hes west of it? What Ocean 
is east of it ? 

What State is north of Florida ? North of Georgia? 
North of Tennessee ? North of Kentucky ? North 
of Ohio and Indiana? North of Illinois? 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 31 

What State is north of Louisiana ? North of Ar- 
kansas ? North of Missouri ? 

What State Ues east of Illinois ? East of Indiana ? 
East of Ohio ? East of Pennsylvania ? 

What State lies west of South Carolina? West 
of Georg^ia? West of Mississippi? What hes west 
of Louisiana? 

What State lies north of South CaroUna ? North 
of North Carohna? North of Virginia? North of 
Maryland? North of Pennsylvania? 

What State lies south of Wisconsin? South of 
IlUnois? South of Kentucky? What States south 
of Tennessee? What State south of Georgia and 
Alabama ? 

The teacher will perceive that these or similar questions may be 
asked from the map, or from memory, till the child is perfectly 
familiar with the location of the States. In fact, all such questions 
may be asked while the pupils are learning the map, according to 
the Four Directions before given. 

The following are the names of the rivers, which 
are numbered according to their length, 

1. Mississippi, 7. Tennessee, 13. Wabash, 

2. Missouri, 8. Cumberland, 14. James, 

3. St. Lawrence, 9. Alabama, 15. Savannah, 

4. Arkansas, 10. Susquehaima, 16. St. Johns, 

5. Red, 11. Potomac, 17. Connecticut, 

6. Ohio, 12. Illinois, 18. Santee, 



wwaTyjna^i'iiit i 



32 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

19. Delaware, 23. Pearl, 27. Scioto, 

20. Altamaha, 24. Neuse, 28. Genessee, 

21. Penobscot, 25. St. Johns, Fl. 29. Sabine. 

22. Hudson, 26. Merrimack, 

See Direction Third., for teaching the rivers, and then practise 
further, as follows ; on the map first, if necessary, and then from 
memory. 

1. In what direction does the Mississippi run? 
Into what gulf does it empty ? What States lie on 
its western bank ? What States on its eastern bank ? 

2. In what direction does the Missouri run ? What 
river does it run into ? In what State is its mouth ? 

3. In what direction does the St. Lawrence run? 
From what lake does it come ? 

4. In what direction does the Arkansas run ? Into 
what does it empty its waters ? Through what State 
does it run ? 

5. In what direction does Red River run? In 
what State is its outlet or mouth ? Into what river 
does it empty ? 

6. In what direction does the Ohio run ? In v/hat 
State do its sources unite to form it? Into what 
river does it run? Between what States is its 
mouth? Opposite what State is its mouth? What 
States he north of the Ohio ? What States lie south 
of it? 

7. In what direction does Tennessee river run? 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 33 

In what mountains does it rise ? What States does 
it touch ? In which is its mouth ? Into what river 
does it fall or empty ? 

8. In what direction does the Cumberland run ? 
In what State does it rise? In what State is its 
mouth ? Does it touch any other State ? Into what 
river does it fall ? 

9. In what State is Alabama river ? In what di- 
rection does it run? Into what gulf does it empty? 
On which side is its largest branch, the Tomhighee ? 

10. In what direction does the Susquehanna run? 
In what State does it rise ? What two States does 
it divide ? Into what bay does it empty ? 

1 1. In what direction does the Potomac run? What 
States does it separate? Into what bay does it fall? 

12. In what State is the Illinois? In what direc 
tion does it run ? Into what river does it empty ? 

13. In what State does the Wabash rise ? In what 
direction does it run ? What States does it partly 
separate ? Into what river does it fall ? 

14. In what State is James river? Which way 
does it run ? Into what bay does it empty ? 

15. What States does the Savannah separate? In 
what direction does it run ? Into what does it fall ? 

16. In what State does the St. Johns rise? In 
what British territory is its mouth? What is its 
direction into the Bay of Fundy? 



junmMSKaazxa 



34 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



17. What two States does the Connecticut separate ? 
What other two does it divide ? What is its course ? 
Into what Sound does it empty? Ans. Long Island. 

18. In what State does tlie Santee rise? What 
other State does it divide ? What is its course ? Into 
what does it empty ? 

19. In what State does the Delaware rise? What 
States does it separate ? In what direction does it 
run ? Into what bay does it empty ? 

20. In what State is the Altamaha ? In what di- 
rection does it run ? Into what does it fall ? 

21. In what State is the Penobscot? What is its 
course ? Into what bay does it fall ? 

22. In what State is the Hudson? What is its 
course ? Into what ocean does it run ? 

23. In what State is the Pearl? Which way does 
it run? What two States does it partly separate? 
Into an arm of what gulf does it fall ? 

24. In what State is the Neuse? What is its course? 
Into what Sound does it fall ? Ans. Pamlico. 

25. In what State is the St Johns? In what di- 
rection does it run ? Into what ocean does it fall ? 

26. In what State does the Merrimack rise? In 
what State is its mouth? In what directions does 
it run? 

27. In what State is the Scioto? What is its 
course ? Into what river does it fall ? 



MmM—IM — M 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 



35 



28. In what State is the Genessee? What is its 
course ? Into what does it empty ? 

29. What State and country does the Sabine sep- 
arate ? What is its general course ? Into what 
does it empty? 

LAKEo. 

3. Michigan. 

4. Erie. 



1. Superior. 

2. Huron. 



5. Ontario. 

6. Champlain. 



BAYS. 



1. Chesapeake. 3. Massachusetts. 5. Narraganset. 

2. Delaware. 4. Penobscot. 



CAPES. 



1. Cod. 

2. May. 



3, Henlopen. 

4. Charles. 



5. Henry. 

6. Sable. 



ISLANDS. 

1. Long Island. 3. Key West. 

2. Nantucket and Martha's Vmeyard. 

As the Lakes, Bays, Capes, and Islands have Jilready been 
pointed out to the pupils, according to Direction lliird, page 28, it 
will be only necessary to ask a few questions like the following. 

Which is the largest and most northern of the 
great lakes? What lake is south of Lake Superior? 
What !ake is southeast of if^ What lake at the 
south of Huron ? What lake is northeast of Erie ? 
What State between Superior, Huron, and Michigan? 



36 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

What States does Erie touch? What State is south 
of Ontario? What States does Champlain partly- 
separate ? With what great river is it connected by 
a small one? 

What States does the Chesapeake divide ? What 
States separate it from Delaware Bay? Between 
what States is Delaware Bay? Of what ocean are 
Chesapeake and Delaware bays a portion ? What 
bay is enclosed by Capes Cod and Ann ? What bay 
divides the seacoast of Maine ? What State does the 
Narraganset nearly divide ? 

In what State is Cape Cod ? Cape May ? Cape 
Henlopen ? Capes Charles and Henry ? Cape 
Hatteras? Cape Sable? What bay enters the land 
between Capes Charles and Henry? What bay 
between Capes May and Henlopen? 

In what State is Nantucket? South of what 
State is Long Island? Where is Martha's Vine- 
yard? What small island is near Cape Sable, in 
Florida? 

Through what States do the Alleghany Moun- 
tains chiefly run? 

CITIES AOT) TOWNS. 

Tell the child that a city only differs from a town in its form of 
government ; the city having one man at the head, called the Mayor, 
and the town having several men, called Selectmen, If the child 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 37 

has not been thoroughly exercised according to Direction Fourth, 
page 28, the teacher should go back and practise, before asking the 
following questions. 

1. In what State are Albany, New York, Roch- 
ester, and Buffalo ? At the mouth of what river is 
New York city? In what part of the State is it? 
On what river is Alhcmy? Which way is it from 
New York city ? At the mouth of what river is 
Rochester? On what lake is Buffcilo? Which city 
is the capital? Which is the largest city? 

2. In what State are Harrisburg, Philadelphia, and 
Pittsburg ? On what river is Harrisburg ? On what 
river is Philadelphia^ east of Harrisburg? At the 
head of what river is Pittsburg? Which is the 
largest city ? Which is the capital ? 

3. In what State are Columbus and Cincinnati? 
On what river is Columbus ? On what is Cincinnati ? 
Which is the capital ? Which is the largest ? 

4. In what State are Richmond and Wheeling? 
On what river is Richmond? On what is Wheeling? 
Which is the capital and largest city ? 

5. On what river is Nashville ? Of what State is 
it the capital ? 

6. In what State are Louisville and Frankfort? 
On what river is Louisville? Which way from 
Louisville is Frankfort? Which is the capital? 
Which is the largest ? 



l UM.HM .i ij i i m ij M i ini i. i . i i M i mi. ^ }-m 



.--^-^-- ■imr»Ttjjjjiji.Fiii-F— 1^ .J » i i u i f i--j;r»'; j i ii im iJr>n»»»i 



38 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

7. In what State are Newbern and Raleigh ? On 
what river are Newhern and Raleigh ? Which is the 
largest ? Which the capital ? 

8. In what State is Boston ? On what bay is it 
situated ? 

9. In what State are Augusta and Savannah ? On 
what river are they ? Which is the capital ? Which 
the largest ? Which is highest up the river ? 

10. Of what State is Indianapolis the capital? In 
what part of the State is it situated ? 

11. In what State are Charleston and Columbia? 
Which is the capital ? Which nearest the Atlantic ? 
On what river is Columbia ? 

12. In what State are Tuscaloosa and Mobile? On 
what river is the capital? Which is the largest? 
Which is on a bay near the gulf? 

13. In what State are Portland and Augusta? 
Which is on Casco Bay, near the Atlantic ? Which 
is on the Kennebec River ? Which is the capital ? 

14. In what State are Springfield and Chicago? 
Which is on Lake Michigan ? Which is the capital ? 

15. In what State are Baltimore and Annapolis? 
Which is the capital? Which is the largest? What 
bay are they near ? 

16. In what State are Jefferson and St. Louis ? On 
what river is St. Louis ? On what river is Jefferson ? 
Which is the largest ? Which is the capital? 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 39 

17. In what State are Natchez dindi Jackson? Which 
is on Pearl River? On what river is the other? 
Which is the capital ? 

18. Of what State is Trenton the capital? On 
what river is it ? In what part of the State is it ? 

19. Of what State is Neio Orleans the capital? 
On what river is it? Is it on the right or left bank 
of the river ? 

The right bank is that which is on the right hand of a person 
descending the river. 

20. Of what State are Hartford and New Haven 
by turns the capital? Which is on Long Island 
Sound ? Which on Connecticut River ? Which is 
the largest? 

21. In what State are Burlington and Montpelier? 
Which is the capital? Which is on Lake Cham- 
plain? Which is the largest? 

22. In what State are Concord and Portsmovth? 
Which is on the Atlantic? On what river is the 
other ? Which is the largest ? Which the capital ? 

23. Of what State is Detroit the capital? In what 
part of the State is it ? 

24. Of what State are Providence and Newport 
by turns the capital? On what bay are they? 
Which is the largest? 

2^. Of what State is Little Rock the capital? On 
what river is it ? 



■ 



40 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



26. Of what State is Dover the capital ? 

27. In what State are Tallahassee and Pensacola"^. 
Which is the capital ? Which is a seaport ? Which 
is the most easterly ? 

28. Of what western State is Burlington the 
capital ? 

Of what Territory is Madison the capital ? 

What is the capital of the United States? In 
what District is it? On what river? Between 
what States is the District? 



The teacher may enlarge upon the following statement of events 
which led to the present geographical limits of the United States. 

At the Revolution, there were but thirteen colonies, and these 
were all on the seacoast. 

Vermont joined the Union after the war of Independence com- 
menced. Maine was a part of Massachusetts till 1820. Oldo^ 
Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin were made out of what 
was called the Northwestern Territory. Kentucky was cut from Vir- 
ginia ; Tennessee from North Carolina ; and Alabama and Mississippi 
from Georgia. 

In 1804, the United States bought Louisiana Territory/, which 
included the States of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, and all 
the country now belonging to the United States, westward, to the 
Pacific Ocean. 

In 1821, the United States bought Florida ; and when this book 
was printing, she was bargaining for Texas. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 



41 



NORTH AMERICA. 

Having learned that Massachusetts is one of the United States, 
the pupil may now be taught that the United States is but one 
country of North America. The teacher will chalk North America 
on the black-board, and point out the different countries to the pupil, 
according to the following table. 



Countries. 

I. The United States, 

II. Mexico, 

III. Canada, 

IV. Nova Scotia, 

V. New Brunswick, 

VI. Central America, 

VII. Texas,* 

VIII. British America, 

IX. Russian America, 

X. Greenland. 



Capitals. 

Washington, 

Mexico, 

Montreal, 

Halifax. 

Frederickstown. 

Guatimala. 

Austin. 

No towns. 

No towns. 

No towns. 



Large Towns. 

Boston. 
Vera Cruz. 
Quebec. 



If the country is chalked on the black-board, it will be unneces- 
sary to furnish any questions here, for the teacher can ask them to 
suit himself But, if no enlarged map is held up before the whole 
class, and the child only uses the small map in his book, he may be 
questioned as follows. 

* If Texas should become one of the United States, the teacher is requested to 
inform the pupil that it was not one when this book was published, and the authors 
dared not assume the fact. 



|..^.-^..^.-»-»«-.l— .^T.^.^! 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 43 

What country is numbered 1? 2? 3? 4? 5? 
6? 7? 8? 9? 10? 

What is north? east? south? west of the United 
States? 

Ask the same questions in regard to Mexico and Central America. 

What is north of New Brunswick ? What south- 
east of it? 

Which country is separated from the continent 
by water ? W liich forms a small peninsula ? 

Let the pupil find and describe the place of the following. 

A. Atlantic Ocean. D. Caribbean Sea. 

B. Pacific Ocean. E. Part of Asia. 

C. Arctic Ocean. F. Part of South America. 

Point at the letter, and ask what ocean or country it is. Then 
ask how they are situated in regard to North America, &c. &c. 

BAYS AND GULES. 

1. Batfin's Bay. 5. Bay of Honduras. 

2. Hudson's Bay. 6. Gulf of Mexico. 

3. James's Bay. 7. Gulf of St. Lawrence. 

4. Bay of Campeachy. 8. Gulf of California. 

After carefully pointing out these, the teacher may ask where they 
are. In what direction from each other or from certain countries. 

LAKES. 

1. Lake Superior. 3. Lake Michigan, 

2. Lake Huron. 4, Lake Erie. 



CTaBWPw^Mw»w>i Ba»<MM,fli*.agiiwJUJJWia->J4.v*tMv'WJ»L^^ 



44 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

5. Lake Ontario. 8. Slave Lake. 

6. Lake Winnipeg. 9. Great Bear Lake. 

7. Lake Athapescow. 

Question as in regard to the Bays, &c. 

STRAITS. 

1. Davis's Strait. 3. Barrow's Strait. 

2. Bhering's Strait. 4. Belle Isle. 

Ask what waters these connect ; what lands they separate. 

ISLiVNDS. 

1. Cuba. 5. Porto Bico. 

2. Hayti. 6. Nootka. 

3. Jamaica. 7. The Bermudas. 

4. Newfoundland. 

Point and ask the names, after having previously pointed them 
out, or required the child to look them out by the map and book. 
Then, without any map, name the island and ask where it is. 

PENmSULAS. 

1. Nova Scotia. 4. California. 

2. Florida. 5. Greenland. 

3. Yucatan. 6. Alaska. 

Point them out as was done in regard to the Islands. Then 
ask, to what are they joined ? VHiat water nearly surrounds them ? 
What country are they in ? 



-:aDggK«MHiui^iWit^iHi mw Fjit.j{VJ'.VJiMW 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 45 



CAPES. 

1. Cape Farewell. 4. Cape Hatteras. 

2. Cape Sable, K S. 5. Cape Sable, F. 

3. Cape Cod. 6. Cape St. Lucas. 

After having shown them, question particularly as to where the 
Capes are ? from what country they project ? &c. &c. 

MOUNTAINS. 

1. Rocky Mountains. 3. Mount St. Elias, 

2. Alleghany Mts. a volcano. 

Where are they? In what direction do they run? &c. 

RIVERS. 

1. Mississippi. 8. Churchill. 

2. Missouri. 9. Nelson. 

3. St. Lawrence. 10. Severn. 

4. Arkansas. 11. Albany. 

5. Columbia. 12. Mackenzie. 

6. Red River. 13. Colorado. 

7. Ohio. 

Make the child familiar with the rise, course, and outlet of each 
river, by showing it and chalking it, and then ask questions like the 
following. 

1. In what country is the Mississippi ? Near what 
lakes does it rise ? Which way does it run ? Into 
whai does it empty ? 



mti^nrntm^iiiLm^sj^fiL-^ 



46 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

2. In what mountains does the Missouri rise ? Of 
what is it the largest source? In what direction 
does it run? 

3. Of what great bodies of water is the St. Law- 
rence the outlet ? In what course does it run ? Into 
what gulf does it flow ? 

4. Where does the Arkansas rise ? how flow ? 
into what fall? 

5. In what mountains do the sources of the Co- 
lumbia rise ? Which way does it run ? Into what 

I does it fall? 

6. How does Med River rise? How run? Into 
what does it fall ? 

7. Of what is the Ohio a branch? What is its 
course ? 

8. Which way does the Churchill run ? Into what 
does it fall ? 

9. 10. Of what lake are Nelson and Severn rivers 
the outlets ? What is their course ? Into what do 
they fall? 

11. Which way does the Albany run? Into what 
does it fall ? 

12. Of what great lakes is Mackenzie's river the 
outlet ? In what direction does it run ? Into what 
does it empty ? 

13. Where does the Colorado rise? How run? 
Into what does it fall ? 



iatis.gaKr;3!aa«att»»jciangagt:T»»3g3pg ij ii] i6M ij j.LiMBjui 




FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 47 

CITIES AND TOWNS. 

Of what country is Washington the capital ? 

Of what is Mexico the capital ? Montreal ? HaH- 
fax ? Frederickstown ? Guatimala ? Austin ? 

In what country is Boston ? Vera Cruz ? Quebec ? 

What is the capital of Mexico? Nova Scotia? 
Central America? The United States? Canada? 
New Brunswick? Texas? 

Which way is Washington from Boston ? Which 
way is Boston from Washington? Which way is 
Mexico from Boston? Which way is Boston from 
Mexico ? 

Ask a similar question of every other city and town. 

It is to be hoped that the teacher, as he goes over the lessons, 
will spare no pains to tell the child such facts as will impress the 
lessons upon the mind. One class of facts only can be glanced at here. 

North America, though full of inhabitants, was claimed by which- 
soever of the civilized nations of Europe first discovered it. 

By this rule, Spain claimed what is now Florida, Mexico, Central 
America, and all that part of the United States west of the Missis- 
sippi river. Mexico and Central America declared themselves in- 
dependent of Spain, and are so now. 

France claimed all that part which lies north of what now belongs 
to the United States, excepting Greenland, which was claimed by 
Denmark, and the northwestern portion, claimed by Russia. 

England conquered all that belonged to the French, and this still 
belongs to England. The original English Colonies, now the United 
States, purchased Florida of Spain ; and all our territory west of the 
Mississippi was bought of France, which had obtained it from Spain. 



teassaasisss ans .-. ■ ^k u xj h 



48 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 




SOUTH AMERICA. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 



49 



SOUTH AMERICA. 

The teacher must, as before directed, make the pupils acquainted 
with the countries, bj chalking an enlarged map on the black-board, 
if he has no large outline map to hang before them. 



I. 

II. 

in. 

IV. 

V. 

VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 

IX. 

X 

XL 
XIL 



Countries. 

Brazil, 

Venezuela, 

New Grenada, 

Peru, 

United Provinces, 

Chili, 

Ecuador, 

Bolivia, 

Paraguay, 

Banda Oriental, 

British Guiana, 

Dutch Guiana, 

French Guiana, 

Patagonia, 



Capitals. 

Rio Janeiro, 
Caraccas, » 
Santa Fe, 
Lima, 

Buenos Ayres. 
St. Jago, 
Quito. 
La Plata. 
Assumption. 
Monte Video. 
Georgetown. 
Parimaribo. 
Cayenne. 
No towns. 



Large Tovms. 

Bahia. 
Laguayra. 
Panama. 
Callao. 

Valparaiso. 



South America is one great peninsula, united by the Isthmus of 
Darien to North America. It lies between the Atlantic and Pacific 
Oceans, and south of the Caribbean Sea. 

The Andes mountains extend through its whole length on the 
western coast. 



50 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

In what part of South America is New Grenada? 
Venezuela? Brazil? The Guianas? Ecuador? 
Peru ? Patagonia ? Chili ? United Provinces ? 
Banda Oriental? Bohvia? Paraguay? 

Then ask how each country is bounded ? that is, what is north, 
east, south, and west of it ? Repeat the questions a thousand times, 
if necessary. 

Where is the Atlantic Ocean ? A. 

Where is the Pacific ? B. 

Where does the Equator cross South America? D. 

Where is the Caribbean Sea ? C. 

What mountains along the whole western coast? 

What part of South America is a peninsula? 

What is the isthmus called ? 

CAPES. 

1. Cape La Vela. 3. Cape Horn. 

2. Cape St. Roque. 4. Cape Blanco. 

Ask in what country each cape is. Which is most northerly, 
southerly, easterly, and westerly? 

ISLAJimS. 

1. Terra del Fuego. 4. Juan Fernandez, or Bob- 

2. The Falkland Isles. inson Crusoe's Island. 

3. Chiloe. 5. Joannes. 

Ask, where are they ? What coast are they nearest to ? Which 
appears to have the most land ? &c. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 



51 



DIVISIONS OF WATER. 

1. Bay of Panama. 4. Lake Maracaybo. 

2. Gulf of Venezuela. 5. Lake Titicaca, 

3. Gulf of Guayaquil. 6. The Strait of Magellan. 

Ask, ip what country are they ? In what part of the country ? 
What do they unite or separate ? &c. . 



RIVERS. 



1. Amazon. 

2. La Plata. 

3. Madeira. 

4. Orinoco. 

5. Xingn. 

6. Francisco. 



7. Tocantins. 

8. Negro. 

9. Topayos. 

10. Uraguay. 

11, Magdalena. 



Point out the rise, course, and outlet of these rivers, and make the 
child so familiar with them that he can answer such questions as the 
following from memory. 

In what mountains is the source of the Amazon ? 
Li what direction does it run? Lito what does it 
empty ? 

In what direction does the La Plata run ? In 
what country are its sources ? In what is its mouth ? 

What is the course of the Orinoco ? Into what 
does it empty ? 

In what country is the St. Francisco? What is 
its course ? Into what does it fall ? 



dEBsB 



52 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 




EUROPE. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 5JJ 

In what direction do the Madeira, Xingu, and 
Topayos run? Of what are they branches? Are 
they on the right or left side of the Amazon ? '^ 
Where is the Negro ? How does it run ? Into what 
does it fall? 

In what country is the Tocantins ? How does it 
run ? Into what does it fall ? 

What is the course of the Magdalena? Into 
what sea does it fall? 



EUROPE. 



Europe is a great peninsula, connected on the 
east with Asia. 

It has the Atlantic Ocean (A.) on the west; the 
Arctic Ocean (B.) on the north ; the Mediterranean 
Sea (D.) at the south; and Asia (C.) on the east 

If stood upon the eastern side, its form is not unlike that of a 
woman. Spain and Portugal are the head ; France the neck and 
shoulders; Great Britain and Italy the arms; and the rest of 
Europe the dress. Such imaginations have great weight with 
children. 

* To answer this question, suppose you are sailing down the river. 



54 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 


The countries, according to their population and 


importance, are as follows. 




Countries. 


Capitals. 


Large Towns. 


I. Russia, 


Petersburg, 


( Moscow, 
( Warsaw. 


II. Austria, 


Vienna, 


Venice. 


III. France, 


Paris, 


Bordeaux. 
C Liverpool, 


IV. Great Britain, 


London, 


< Dubhn, 
( Edinburgh. 
I Naples, 


V. Italy, 


Rome, 


< Leghorn, 
( Genoa. 


VI. Turkey, 


Constantinople. 




VII. Germany, 


Frankfort, 


Hamburg. 


VIII. Spain, 


Madrid, 


Cadiz. 


IX. Prussia, 


Berlin. 


' 


Y ^Belgium, 
^•| Holland, 


Brussels. 


,: 


Amsterdam. 




XL Portugal, 


Lisbon. 




XII. Sweden, 


Stockholm, 


Gottenburg 


XIII. Denmark, 


Copenhagen. 




XIV. Switzerland, 


Berne, &c.* 


Geneva. 


XV Norway, 


Christiania, 


Bergen. 


XVI. Greece, 


Athens. 




XVII. Lapland, 


No towns. 




* Berne, Zurich, and Lucerne are each the capital two 


years at a time. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 55 

The teacher will now point out the generkl features of Europe, 
and will, as before, cause a large map to be chalked on the black- 
board, or he will use an outline map, till he has pointed out every 
country, and made the pupils familiar with the situation and bound- 
aries of each. 

The pupil may be shown how much Italy resembles a hoot in 
form. One of the author's pupils once said, that France seemed 
to her like the body of a giant, whose neck was England, and whose 
head cut off was Iceland. One leg was Italy, and the other leg was 
in a basket, represented by Spain. 

A more interesting association for Spain, and Portugal which was 
once a part of Spain, may be made with a Spanish dollar or other 
coin with pillars. The shield is shaped like the country. The pillars 
are the Rock of Gibraltar and Ceuta, two hills that were once called 
the Pillars of Hercules. The castle on the coat of arms represents 
the kingdom of Castile, and the lion the kingdom of Leon ; which 
two kingdoms were united to form the kingdom of Spain. The 
motto, Ne plus ultra, which is on the older coins, and which means 
There is nothing beyond, refers to the notion of the ancients, that 
there was no country west of Spain, for America was not then 
discovered. 

It is difficult for children to draw Europe well and preserve its 
proportions, and the teacher must be patient. The best way is to 
begin with Spain, and draw the southern coast to the Caspian Sea. 
Then build the others upon this basis. But, for a general rule, when 
chalk is used, it is better to begin at the top or north of the map. 

When the pupils are made familiar with the countries, by drawing 
them or seeing them repeatedly, the teacher may proceed to point 
out the natural divisions of land and water, as on former maps. 

CAPES. 

1. North Cape. 4. Finisterre. 

2. Landsend. 5. St. Vincent. 

3. Clear. 



56 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

Finisterre means the same as Landsend. Ask, in what country 
the Capes are ? What water they project into ? &c. 



1. 



ISLANDS. 

^ Great Britain, or 7. Candia, 

/ England and Scotland. 8. Corsica. 

2. Iceland. 9. Zealand. 

3. Ireland. 10. Majorca. 

4. Sicily. 11. Malta. 

5. Sardinia. 12. Ionian Isles. 

6. Cyprus. 

The teacher must ask where each Island is ? What water sur- 
rounds it ? What country is it nearest to ? &c., as in former lessons. 

It may be time now to give the child an idea of the relative size 
of these islands, and of the different parts of the world. This must 
be done on some map of the World, for there only are all the coun- 
tries drawn on the same scale. It will appear that 

Great Britain is about as large as Cuba. 
Iceland and Ireland compare with Newfoundland, 
Sicily, Sardinia, and Cyprus will match Jamaica. 
Candia and Corsica will go with Porto Rico. 
Zealand and Majorca will match Long Island. 
Corfu, the largest of the Ionian Isles, and Malta 
are not much larger than Martha^ s Vineyard. 

This habit of comparing different countries, and the different 
divisions of land and water, besides exercising the judgment of the 
child, will make a lasting impression on his memory. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 57 

PENINSULAS. 

1. Spain. 4. The Morea. 

2. Sweden and Norway. 5. Crimea. 

3. Denmark. 

Let the pupil point them out, and then tell him the name. Ask 
to what country the isthmus connects them, &c. 

MOUNTAINS. 

1. The Alps. 4. The Ural. 

2. The Apennines. 5. The Dofrafield. 

3. The Carpathian. 6. The Pyrenees. 

VOLCANOES. 

1. Hecla. 2. Etna. 3. Vesuvius. 

Ask where each of these ranges or volcanoes is. In what country ? 
Between what countries ? &c. 

SEAS AND THEIR STRAITS. 

D. The Mediterranean, . . Strait of Gibraltar. 

1. Black Sea, Constantinople. 

2. The Baltic, The Sound. 

3. North Sea, Dover. 

4. Archipelago, ..... Dardanelles. 

5. White Sea, .... 

6. Irish Sea, St. George's Channel. 

7. Sea of Azoph, .... Kaffa. 

Ask in what countries or between what countries the Seas are, 
and what bodies of water the Straits connect ? What lands they 
separate? &c. 



58 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



GULFS, BAY, &c. 



1. Gulf of Venice. 

2. Gulf of Bothnia. 

3. Gulf of Finland. 

Ask where they are ? What countries border on them ? &c. 



4. Bay of Biscay. 

5. English Channel. 



1. Volga. 

2. Danube. 

3. Don. 

4. Dnieper. 

5. Rhine. 



RIVERS. 

6. Elbe. 

7. Vistula. 

8. Tagus. 

9. Dniester. 
10. Loire. 



11. Ural. 

12. Rhone. 

13. Seine. 

14. Thames. 



The teacher must point out the rise, course, outlet, &c. of each 
river, on the large map, if possible. Then he may let the pupils 
look on their small map and answer his questions ; and, finally, he 
must require answers without the aid of maps. 

Let the pupil be ready to answer the following questions, at least. 
Where does the river rise ? Which way does it run ? Into what 
does it empty ? Does it separate any country ? 

The longest river of the above list, the Volga, is less than our 
Arkansas ; and the shortest, the Thames, is less than the Merrimack. 

CITIES AOT) TOWNS. 

Of what country is Petersburg the capital? In 
what part of the country is it ? Where is Moscow ? 
On what river is it ? Where is Warsaw ? On what 
river ? 



FOR MASSACHtrSETTS CHILDREN. 59 

Of what country is Vienna the capital ? On what 
river is it ? On what gulf is Venice ? 

Of what is Paris the capital ? On what river is 
it ? On what river is Bordeaux ? 

Of what is London the capital ? On what river is 
it ? Which way is Liverpool from London ? Where 
is Dublin ? Where is Edinhurorh ? 

Where is Rome? Which way is Naples from 
Rome? In what part of Italy are Leghorn and 
Genoa ? 

Of what is Constantinople the capital ? Near what 
sea is it ? Where is Frankfort ? It is situated on a 
branch of what river ? On what river is Hamburg ? 

Of what is Madrid the capital ? On a branch of 
what river is it situated ? Near what strait is Cadiz ? 
Which way is it from Madrid ? 

Of what is Berlin the capital ? On what river is it ? 

Of what is Brussels the capital? Of what is Am- 
sterdam the capital ? 

Of what is Lisbon the capital ? On what river is it ? 

Of what is Stockholm the capital? Which way is 
Gottenburg from it ? 

Of what is Copenhagen the ca|)ital? On what 
island is it ? 

In what country are Berne and Geneva? On a 
branch of what river is Berne? On what lake is 
Geneva ? 



60 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 




ASIA. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 61 

In what country are Christiania and Bergen? 
Which is the present capital ? 
Of what is Athens the capital ? 

To vary this exercise, the teacher may name the country, and ask 
what is its capital ? its large towns ? It is taken for granted, that 
the teacher will see that the child knows where the country and 
where the city is by actual inspection of the maps. 



ASIA. 

Asia is an irregular country, joined to Europe at 
the northwest, and to Africa at the southwest. 

It has the Arctic Ocean (A.) on the north; the 
Pacific Ocean (B.) on the east; the Indian Ocean (C.) 
on the south ; America (D.) at the northeast ; Europe 
(E.) at the northwest; Africa (F.) at the southwest. 
G. marks the Equator ; H. the Chinese wall. 

It may amuse the pupil who is acquainted with Europe, to call his 
attention to some points of resemblance between Europe and Asia. 
Thus, Arabia resembles Spain, in being a peninsula at the southwest. 
Turkey and Persia resemble France. Hindostan resembles Italy ; 
and Thibet, north of it, resembles Switzerland. China and the 
countries south of it resemble Turkey and Greece. 

So the western coast of Europe somewhat resembles the eastern 
coast of China ; for, the peninsula of Sweden and Norway has Kamt- 
schatka ; the Baltic Sea has the Sea of Okotsk ; the British Isles 



irjsisssssaaasaBBaa 



62 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHy 



have the Japan Isles ; and the North Sea the Sea of Japan. These 
correspondences may be fanciful, but they will help the memory and 
give interest to the lesson. 

The following Table of the principal countries of Asia must be 
carefully gone over on the map and on the black-board, until the 
pupil is familiar with the location of the countries. The towns will 
better be taught when the child knows the rivers, &c. 



Countries. 


Capitals. 


Large Towns. 


I. China, 


Pekin, 


Canton. 


II. Hindostan, 


Calcutta. 




III. Japan, 


Jeddo. 




IV. Persia, 


Teheran. 




V. Anam, 


Kesho. 




VI. Turkey, 


( Constantinople, 
/ in Europe, 


( Jerusalem. 
( Smyrna. 


VII. Thibet, 


Lassa. 




VIII. Arabia, 


Mecca. 




IX. Independent 
Tartary, 


> Bukharia. 




X. Siam, 


Bankok. 




XI. Siberia, 


Tobolsk. 




XII. Afghanistan, 


Cabul. 




XIII. Burmah, 


Ava. 




XIV. Chinese Tartary, No important town. 


XV. Beloochistan, 


Kelat. 





When the pupil is familiar with the location of the countries, the 
teacher may proceed to point out the natural divisions of land and 
water, as on former maps. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 63 

CAPES. 

1. Taymour. 3. Lopatka. 

2. East Cape. 4. Comorin. 

When the child finds them, ask what country each projects from ? 
into what water it projects ? &c. 

ISLANDS. 
CLUSTERS. 

1. Japan Isles, which form an Empire. 

2. Philippine Isles, which belong to Spain. 

3. Sunda Isles, claimed by the English and Dutch. 

SINGLE ISLANDS, ACCORDING TO SIZE. 

1. Borneo. 6. Nova Zembla. 11. Ceylon. 

2. New Guinea. 7. Luzon. 12. Mindanao. 

3. Sumatra. 8. Saghalien. 13. Kiusiu. 

4. Niphon. 9. Jesso. 14. Formosa. 

5. Celebes. 10. Java. 15. Hainan. 

Borneo and Neiv Guinea are each larger than all 
the West India Islands together. 

Sumatra^ Niphon, Celebes, Nova Zembhy Luzon^ 
Saghalien, Jesso, and Java class with Cuba, which is 
the largest American Island. 

Ceylon, Mindanao, and Kiusiu match Newfoundland. 

Formosa and Hainan rank with Jamaica. 



64 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY | 






PENINSULAS. 1 


1. 
2. 


Arabia. 
Kamtschatka. 


3. 
4. 


Corea. 
Malaya. 


Ask with what country 


these are connected. 






MOUNTAINS. 


1. 
2. 
3. 


Himmaleh. 

Altaian. 

Ural. 


4. 
5. 
6. 


Gaut. 

Caucasian. 
Belur Tag. 


Ask where these are ? 
direction they run? 


What they 


separate or are in ? In what 






SEAS. 


* 


1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 


Chinese. 

Mediterranean. 

Okotsk. 

Japan. 

Blue. 


6. 

7. 
8. 
9. 

LAKES. 


Yellow. 
Black. 
Caspian. 
Red. 


1. 
2. 


Aral. Aral is 
Baikal. Baikal 


less than Lake Huron, 
is less than Michigan. 




BAYS AND GULFS. | 


1. 
2. 
3. 


Arabian GuE 
Bay of Bengal 
Persian Gulf. 


4. 
5. 


Gulf of Siam. 
Gulf of Tonkin. 


Ask what countries these are in or between. 1 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 65 

STRAITS. 

1. Bhering's. 3. Babelmandel. 

2. Sunda. 4. Dardanelles. 

Ask what countries they separate. What waters they connect. 

RR^RS. 

1. YangtseKiangorBlue. 8. Irawaddy. 

2. Lena. 9. Ganges. 

3. Obi. 10. Burrampooter. 

4. Hoangho. 11. Yenisei. 

5. Amour. 12. Euphrates. 

6. Cambodia. 13. Meinam. 

7. Indus. 14. Jihon. 

The teacher must ask the rise, course, and outlet of all the above 
rivers, as in former lessons ; the pupil having previously been shown 
every particular on the maps. 

These Asiatic rivers compare with American rivers 
nearly as follows : 

Yangtse Kiang with the Missouri. 

Lena, Obi, Hoangho, Amovr, and Carnbodia with 
the aS'^^. Laivrence or Arkansas. 

The Indus, Irawaddy, Ganges, Burrampooter, Ye- 
nisei, and Euphrates compare with the Ohio and 
Columbia. 

The Meinam and Jihon range between the Cum- 
berland and Tennessee. 



66 



mTrrmm^K^nr-xwwmrrr.i:^ ^-u^y-r- g—-warOTi><«t<»» « a t-M.-wg-.' ^fx*-i^^ mmjti f 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 




APRICA. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 67 

CITIES Am) TOWNS. 

Take the map, and after showing the towns, and telling in what 
country or on what river they are situated, name the country and 
ask its capital, or name the capital and ask its country. 

Pekin is probably the most populous city in the 
world. Pekin, Canton, Calcutta, Jeddo, Bankok, are 
larger than Neio York. 

Smyrna is, in size, between New York and Boston, 
The others are, smaller than Boston, 



AFRICA. 



Africa is one great peninsula, of which but little 
is known. 

It has the Atlantic Ocean (A.) on the west; the 
Indian Ocean (B.) on the east; the Mediterranean 
(C.) on the north; and Asia (D.) on the northeast. 
E. is the Equator. 



Countries. 


Capitals 


I. Morocco, 


Morocco. 


II. Egypt, 


Cairo. 


III. Senegambiaj 


None, 


W. Upper Guinea, 


Coomassie. 


V. Lower Guinea, 


Loanda. 


VI. Abyssinia, 


Gondar. 



68 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



Countries. 

VII Tunis, 

VIII. Algeria, 

IX. Tripoli^, 

X. Sahara, 

XL Barca. 

XII. The Cape Colony, 

XIII. Liberia, 

XIV. Sierra Leone, 
XV. Fezzan, 

XVL Cimbebas, 
XVIL Hottentots, 
XVIIL Caffraria, 
XIX. Mozambique, 
XX. Zanguebar 
XXL Magadoxa, 
XXIL Ajan, 
XXIIL Adel. 

a. Bambarra, 

b. Howssa, 

c. Bornoo, 

d. Bergoo, 

e. Darfoor, 

f. Kordofan, 

g. Biafra, 
h. Fellatas, 

i. Donga, 
i. ShiUooks, 



Capitals. 

Tunis. 

Algiers. 

Tripoli.. 

None, '^ ., ' . ,J f 

Derne. ^ 

Cape Town. 

Monrovia! 

Freetown. 



Unimportant divisions, but 
little known, and having no 
large towns or definite bound- 
aries. The teacher had better 
omit them, or only glance at 
them very shghtly. 



Countries of which too little 
is known to render them an 
object of interest to the young. 
The teacher may pass over 
them with this very general 
remark. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 69 



CAPES. 

1. Serrat and Bon. 5. Verd. 

2. Guardafui. 6. Blanco. 

3. Good Hope, 7. Negro. 

4. Palmas. 

Ask in what country they are. Into what sea or ocean they project. 

MOUNTAINS. 

1. Atlas. 3. Moon. 

2. Kong. 4. Snow. 

ISLANDS. 

1. Madagascar. 5. Cape Verds. In the At- 

2. Socotra. lantic, opposite Cape Verd. 

3. Bourbon & Mauritius. 6. Canaries. 

4. St. Helena. 7. Madeiras. 

ISTHMUS. 

1. The Isthmus of Suez. 

SEAS, GULFS, STRAITS, &c. 

C. Mediterranean. 4. Strait of Babelmandel. 

1. Eed Sea. 5. Strait of Gibraltar. 

2. Gulf of Guinea. 6. Lake Tchad. 

3. Mozambique Channel. 

The teacher must ask all needful questions about these divisions, 
of which there are too few to form distinct classes. 



70 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. 

RIVERS. 

1. Nile. 5. Zaire. 

2. Niger. 6. Zambeze. 

3. Senegal. 7. Gambia. 

4. Orange. 

Ask the rise, course, and outlet of these rivers, as in former lessons. 

TOWNS 

The teacher may exercise the pupil upon the towns by naming a 
town and requiring the country, and then by naming the country 
and requiring the capital. 



END OF PART FIRST. 



ELEMENTAEY GEOGRAPHY. 



PART SECOND 



In regard to the best method of teaching this part, teachers will 
probably differ. No method, however, will fail, if it so unite the 
history and description with the topography, that they shall be 
inseparably associated in the child's mind. 

A simple method is to place suitable maps before the class, and 
then read the outline sketch of Massachusetts history, pointing out 
every place or boundary mentioned, explaining every word, and en- 
larging upon every article, as the teacher's knowledge of the subject 
may enable him to do. 

After several such readings, ask the pupils such questions as are 
suggested by the words in italic type, as, for instance, 

Why was the State named Massachusetts ? 
What were the first settlers called ? Why ? 
Why did they leave England ? 
Whither did they flee ? Where did they settle ? 
Who was their minister? When was this? 
When did they sail for America ? 
How many came in the first vessel ? 
What was her name ? &c. &c. 



•■rriT-nminT*''^'™'"'''*'""^'^'-*''''""''"''"'-'*'^^ 



72 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

The State of Massachusetts derives its name from 
an Indian tribe which hved upon the shores of Mas- 
sachusetts Bay, when the country was first visited 
by Europeans. 

The Jirst settlers from England were called Puri- 
tans, because of their efforts to restore purity in 
divine worship. 

Being persecuted in England, a congregation of 
them with their minister, John Robinson, fled to 
Holland, and settled at Ley den, in 1609. 

In 1620, a hundred and one of them sailed in a 
small vessel called the May Flower, and arrived at 
Cape Cod on the 9th of November. 

After examining the shore, they concluded to settle 
at Plymouth, Dec. 21, 1620; and this was the first 
permanent settlement of any colony in New England. 

Before landing, they prudently signed a sort of 
constitution of government, and chose John Carver 
for their first Governor. 

The most distinguished of this first company were 
John Carver, William Bradford, Edward Winslow, 
who, in turn, were governors ; Miles Standish, who 



. ^1 ... ■ »■ I -.«.«■..■.»■. .r-i IT 3 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 73 

was the military commander; and Wm. Brewster, 
who was the ruling elder of the church. 

During the first winter, 46 of the 101 died in con- 
sequence of hardships and exposure^ for which they 
were unprepared, not having intended to settle so far 
north as Cape Cod. 

They made a treaty of peace with Massasoi% the 
nearest and most powerful Indian prince, early in 
the spring, and both parties kept it faithfully more 
than fifty years. 

The colony of Plymouth, which for sixty-two 
years had a separate government, was united to Mas- 
sachusetts in 1692. 

Fly mouth colony included what are now the coun- 
ties of Plymouth, Barnstable, Nantucket, Dukes, and 
Bristol. 



The second permanent settlement was made by John 
Endicott and a small company at Naumkeag, now 
Salem, in 1628. 

In 1630, Gov, Winthrop came over with seventeen 
vessels containing more than 1500 passengers, who 
settled at Charlestown, Boston, Dorchester, Cam- 
bridge, and Roxbury. 



*M«i^naT?gnP»^-»ti*.?--»Yr»^g«*.i--L^Tf''TVrr --^^-y'-rrPT^ffBi-^"**^^ ^ 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



In 1637, the first Indian war commenced with the 
Pequots^ a tribe within the hmits of what is now 
called Connecticut. The tribe was ahnost entirely 
destroyed. 

In 1640, it is supposed that about twenty-one thou- 
sand immigrants had come over, and very few came 
afterwards. 

In 1 652, the State coined silver shillings^ sixpences, 
and threepences. The king of England forbade their 
coining any more, but they continued to coin for 
thirty years, and concealed the crime by never alter- 
ing the date of 1652. 

Tlie following is an exact copy of both sides of a shilling. It is 
not known that the tree was intended for a pine, but from its resem- 
blance to one, the money is generally called the Pine-tree money. 




The inscription reads, Masathvsets in New England, An. (for 
Anno,) Do. (for Domini,) 1652. XII. (pence.) But, probably, no 
shilling can now be found so perfect as this engraved shilling, some 
of the letters being generally worn off. The engraving gives a per- 
fect idea of the rough state in which these ancient coins are found, 
and in which they appear originally to have been made. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 75 

In 1652, the inhabitants of Maine submitted to 
Massachusetts and were taken under its protection. 

In 1675, Philip^ the grandson of Massasoit, whose 
home was at Mount Hope^ in Rhode Island, seeing 
that the natives were dwindUng before the whites, 
united several tribes of Indians in one general attack 
upon the settlements. 

In this dreadful war, about six hundred of the 
colonists were killed, twelve or thirteen towns were 
destroyed, and six hundred dwelling houses burned. 

In the second year of the war, PhiUp was killed, 
peace was restored, and the Indians of New England 
were never afterwards formidable to the colonists. 

In 1690, Massachusetts and the other colonies of 
New England united with New York in an attempt 
to conquer Canada from the French, but the expedi- 
tion failed. A second unsuccessful attempt was 
made in 1711. 

In 1691, Maine was formally incorporated with 
Massachusetts, by a charter from the king of England. 

In 1692, Plymouth colony, which had been dis- 
tinct from that of Massachusetts, was united with it 
under the same governor, and has continued so ever 
since. 

In 1692, the Salem Witchcraft raged, and about 
twenty supposed witches were put to death. The 



76 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



same thing, however, was done in the most enlight- 
ened countries of Europe, and is no proof that the 
people of Massachusetts were less enlightened than 
others. 

In 1744, Massachusetts planned and took the lead 
in a succeshful attack upon Louishurg^ a French 
fortress on the island of Cape Breton. 

In 1755, an army, chiefly from Massachusetts, con- 
quered Nova Scotia, laid waste the country, and 
cruelly scattered the Acadiam among the English 
colonies. 

In 1759, Canada and all the French Possessions in 
North America were surrendered to Great Britain, but 
General Wolfe, the English commander, was slain. 

In 1763, the British Parliament began to tax the 
colonies without their consent, and continued to do 
so till the Revolution, which commenced in 1775, by 
the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill 

The British troops kept possession of Boston till 
May 17, 1776, when they left it and went to New 
York. With the exception of Nantucket and some 
smaller islands, Massachusetts was not afterwards 
troubled by any invasion. 

In 1776, Independence was declared, and after a 
war of eight years, it was acknowledged by Great 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 77 

Britain, and the colonies became a free nation, under 
the name of the United States of America. 

In 1780, the Constitution of Massachusetts was 
formed by a convention of the citizens. It was 
amended in 1821, and is now in force. 

In 1786, a rebelHon, headed hy Daniel Shays, and 
called Shays's Insurrection, threatened the peace of 
Massachusetts, but it was happily subdued without 
bloodshed. 

In 1788, the Federal Constitution, by which the 
whole Union is governed, was adopted by Massa- 
chusetts, and by the other States. 

In 1820, the District of Maine, which had belonged 
to Massachusetts, was made a State and received 
into the Union. 



After this general sketch of the Historical Geography of the 
State, let the pupil begin upon the counties as they are here ar- 
ranged, or let him first take that in which he lives, and then those 
adjoining it. 

Chalk the county on the black-board, and divide it into townships, 
or take a single town and add the others to it. The author once had 
a game, in which one pupil drew a town, and the others in turn 
added the next town on any side, until the whole county was drawn 
from memory. 

For a general rule, the teacher should read the description of 
each town in the county, and make the children familiar with its 



78 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

number and place and every thing suggested by the map or the de- 
scription, by exercises on the black-board or outline maps ; and the 
cliild should use the book and slate when studying by himself. 

It would occupy too much room to insert questions upon every 
county and town. The words in italic type will suggest some ques- 
tions, but there are many common to every county and every town, 
such as, 

How is it bounded on every side ? 
What divisions of water does it contain ? 
What divisions of land ? 
How far is it from Boston ? 
How far from the county town ? 
When settled or incorporated ? 
How many inhabitants ? &c. &c. 

By all means connect the history and description with the topog- 
raphy, and ask questions so that the child will not be satisfied with 
learning the book by rote. 

It may not be amiss again to state, that 

A Toion is a collection of houses or villages, whose 
officers are chosen and whose business is transacted 
by the citizens assembled in one toivn meeting. 

A City is the same as a town, excepting that the 
officers are chosen in divisions of the city, called 
wards, and the public business is done by representa- 
tives chosen by the citizens, and not by the whole 
body of citizens themselves. 

A Township means all the land belonging to any 
town. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 79 



A County Toivn is one where county business is 
transacted, county courts held, and county records 
kept. 

A Capital Toivn is one where the business of the 
State is transacted, the Legislature convened, and 
the State records kept. 

The largest town is that which contains the most 
inhabitants, and not that which contains the most 
land. 

When the largest town is conveniently situated, it 
is often made the capital or the county town also, as 
is the case with Boston, Worcester, &c. 



SUFFOLK COUNTY. 

Suffolk County was incorporated in 1643, and then included Nor- 
folk County as well as Suffolk. It now contains only the city of 
Boston, the town of Chelsea, and the Islands in Boston Harbor. 

BOSTON. 

The Indian name of Boston was Shawmut, which is said to mean 
a spring of water. 

The first name given to it by the English was Tri-mountain or 
Tremont^ which means three hills ; but whether it was named from 
Beacon, Copps, and Fort hills, which are seen from the harbor, or 
from the three eminences of Beacon Hill, which were seen from 



amekojwuiiii.jin i 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. ' 81 

Charlestown, is uncertain. All the hills, and particularly the emi- 
nences of Beacon Hill, have been partly levelled to make new land. 
The name of Boston was adopted as a compliment to the first min- 
ister, Mr. Cotton, who came from Boston, in Lincolnshire, England. 

The first permanent settlement was made July 6, 1630, by Gov- 
ernor Winthrop and a large company, including persons of wealth 
and distinction from England. 

The old town was a peninsula, surrounded by water, except where 
it was attached to Roxbury by a narrow strip of land, just wide 
enough for a road, and called The Neck. South Boston and East 
Boston were afterwards added. 

OLD BOSTON. 

Old Boston (numbered 1 on the map) is about three miles long 
and one mile in breadth. It is now joined to Roxbury by the Neck ; 
to Brookline by a mill-dam, called the Western Avenue ; to Cam- 
bridge by two bridges ; to Charlestown by two bridges, and to South 
Boston by two more. 

The chief Railroads that centre in Boston are, 

The Worcester and Western, from Boston to Albany. 

The Providence, to Providence in Rhode Island, and Stonington 
in Connecticut. 

The Lowell, to Lowell in Massachusetts, and Concord in New 
Hampshire. 

The Eastern, and the Boston and Maine, to Portland in Maine. 

The Fitchhurg, to Fitchburg in Worcester County, and thence to 
Brattleboro' in Vermont. 

The Old Colony Railroad, to Plymouth. 

To these railroads there are numerous branches. 



Boston Harbor is included between Point Alderton or Nantasket, 



82 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

on which is the small town of Hull, and Point Shirley^ the south- 
eastern point of Chelsea, named after Governor Shirley. 

The chief islands are Noddle's^ No. 3, now called East Boston ; 
Long Island, No. 7 ; Deer Island, No. 6 ; Governor's Island, No. 5 ; 
Fort Independence, No. 8 ; George^s Island, No. 9 ; and Lighthouse 
Island, No. 10. Of these. Governor's, George's, and Fort Inde- 
pendence are strongly fortified. Noddle's alone is, to any extent, 
inhabited. 

The Rivers that empty into Boston Harbor, are 

The Charles, which forms a bay called the Bach Bay, west of the 
city, and then passes between Boston and Charlestown. 

The Neponset, which enters the harbor between Quincy and Dor- 
chester. 

The Mystic, which separates Charlestown from Chelsea. 

The Maniquot, in Braintree. 

SOUTH BOSTON. 

South Boston (numbered 2) was a part of Dorchester until 1804. 
In form it is a peninsula, and it contains those memorable heights, 
the occupation of which by General Washington, in 1776, obliged 
the British to quit Boston. 

EAST BOSTON. 

East Boston (numbered 3) was called Noddle's Island until 1832, 
when it was purchased by a company of gentlemen, who laid it out 
in building lots, since which time its increase has been almost un- 
exampled. 

The first newspaper in America, called the News Letter, was 
published at Boston, in 1704. 

Among the great men of America, Benjamin Franklin, John 
Hancock, and Samuel Adams were born in Boston. 



•'t mj i mMMiaiu m Mii. \ mnii \i\ i m^mMi^uaa.iift. ' ja-waii 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 83 

Faneuil Hall, though not the largest or most magnificent structure 
in the city, is perhaps the most celebrated building in the United 
States. Its connection with the authors and deeds of the Revolution, 
has long given it the name of ^The Cradle of Liberty.' 

Incorporated, 1738.] CHELSEA. \_Population, 2,390. 

Chelsea (numbered 4) was formerly a part of Boston, and was 
called Romney's Marsh. Its Indian name was Winnesimet. 

The inhabitants were chiefly gathered around the first church, on 
the road to Lynn, until the increase of Boston, and the establishment 
of steam ferry-boats, induced many from Boston to settle around the 
ferry, where is now the largest village. 

The only public buildings, except churches and schoolhouses, are 
the United States Hospitals ; and the chief business, next to farming, 
is brickmaking. 

The southern extremity of Chelsea, ending in Point Shirley, (so 
called from one of the colonial governors of Massachusetts,) forms 
one of the defences of Boston Harbor ao-ainst the ocean. 



ESSEX COUNTY. 



Essex County was incorporated in 1643, and is more densely settled 
than any tract of its size in the United States. 

Its extensive seacoast has numerous bays, inlets, and harbors, and 
its commercial enterprise and industry have long been celebrated. 

Much of the shore is rocky, and the surface is hilly, but without 
mountains. The chief rivers are the Merrimack (A) and Ipswich (B). 

County courts are held by turns at Salem, Newburyport, and 
Ipswich, which are called Shire or County towns. 



84 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 




The four towns north of the Merrimack, once formed part of a 
county called Norfolk ; but they were united to Essex when a part 
of Suffolk County was separated and called Norfolk. 



I. SALEM. 



[Pop, 15,082. 



Inc. 1628.] 

The Indian name of Salem was Naumheag, 

The first colony arrived under the guidance of Capt. John Endi- 
cott, in September, 1628; but Roger Conant and others, from 
Plymouth Colony, had removed hither two or three years earlier. 

A second company of several hundreds joined them in 1629, of 
whom about one hundred went and settled Charlestown. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 85 

Salem originally included the towns of Lynn, Wenhara, Man- 
chester, Marblehead, Topsfield, Beverly, Middleton, and Dan vers. 

Salem is the largest place in the county, and was made a city 
in 1836. 

Perhaps no event has given Salem so much notoriety as the sup- 
posed prevalence of witchcraft in Salem Village, now the town of 
Dan vers, in 1692. 

The belief in witchcraft was as general in Europe as in New 
England, but the delusion passed away much sooner here than 
elsewhere. 

Salem proper is a peninsula^ its harbor is safe and capacious, and 
it has always been distinguished for the enterprise of its merchants. 

Among the many distinguished citizens of Salem, may be named 
Timothy Pickering, one of the cabinet of General Washington ; 
Dr. Bowditch, the great mathematician ; and the Rev. Wm. Bentley, 
in his day remarkable for his acquaintance with languages, American 
history, and general literature. 

Distance from Boston, 14 miles. 

Inc, 1637.] 2. LYNN. \_Pop, 9,369. 

Lynn, called Saugus by the Indians, was named after a town of 
the same name in England. The eastern part of Lynn still retains 
its original name of Swampscot. 

Lynn is the oldest town in Essex County, except Salem ; and it is 
still the second in size, although Saugus and Lynnfield, of Essex 
County, and Reading and South Reading, of Middlesex County, 
have been separated from it. 

Nahant, a small rocky peninsula, connected to Lynn at the south 
by a beautiful beach, has, for twenty or thirty years, been the most 
fashionable watering-place in the vicinity of Boston. The first 
settlers kept their sheep and swine on it, because a slight fence 
across the beach or isthmus easily protected them from the wolves. 



i. irfr-^n'rrjraKC^,.TrMtfiit"r>*fjM; 



86 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

No town in the United States is so celebrated for the manufacture 
of boots and shoes. 

Distance from Salem, 5 miles ; from Boston, 9. 

Inc. 1764.] 3. NEWBURYPORT. [Pop, 7,161. 

This town was the port of Newbury until it was separated by the 
act of incorporation. 

It is compactly built, and is remarkable for containing less land 
than any other town in the State, not even excepting Hull. 

Its situation on the bank of the Merrimack, gradually rising 
from the water, renders it one of the most beautiful towns in the 
State. 

A series of misfortunes, among which was the disastrous Jire of 
1811, which consumed about 250 buildings in the centre of the 
town, for several years checked the commercial activity of New- 
buryport. 

It is fast recovering, however ; and the establishment of several 
large factories^ and the great attention paid to education, give indi- 
cations of reviving prosperity. 

Among the great men of Newburyport, were Chief Justice The- 
ophilus Parsons, surnamed the Giant of the Law, and Jacob Perkins, 
the inventor of the nail machine, the bank-note plate, and many other 
curious and useful things. 

Newburyport contains the tomb of the celebrated preacher, George 
Whitefeld, who died and was buried here, in 1770. 
Distance from Salem, 20 miles ; from Boston, 38. 

Inc. 1642.] 4. GLOUCESTER. [Pop. 6,350. 

Gloucester was named after Gloucester in England, from which 
some of the first settlers came. It was settled by persons from 
Plymouth Colony several years before it was incorporated. 



.jimmuw aMn 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 87 

The eastern portion of old Gloucester is a peninsula, and was 
named Cape Ann by King Charles, out of respect to his mother ; 
but the Cape only has retained the name, and the larger part of the 
peninsula forms the town of Rockport. 

The isthmus was early cut through by a canal, but this is little 
used by coasting vessels, for whose accommodation it was intended. 

There are two villages, The Harbor, south of the isthmus, and 
Squam, north of it. 

The inhabitants of Gloucester are very largely concerned in the 
Jisheries, and their quarries of granite employ many workmen. 

Distance from Salem, 1 6 miles ; from Boston, 29. 

Inc. 1649.] 5. MARBLEHEAD. [Pop. 5,575. 

Marblehead was originally a part of Salem, and it is a rocky cape 
or ^ .adland, as its name denotes. 

Its situation and its harbor are peculiarly adapted to commerce ; 
and perhaps no place in the United States is, and always has been, 
so completely commercial. 

The patriotism of Marblehead, by sea and land, has never been 
excelled. Her fisheries have supplied our fleets with seamen ; and, 
in the struggle for independence, this little town furnished an entire 
regiment of soldiers. 

General John Glover, a brave officer of the Revolution, and El- 
bridge Gerry, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, were 
natives of Marblehead. 

Besides its immense share in the fisheries, its manufactures of 
boots and shoes are very considerable. 

Distance from Salem, 4 miles; from Boston, 16. 



88 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



/wc. 1646.] 6. ANDOVER. [Pop. 5,207. 

The Indian name was Cochichewick, and that of Andover was 
given in remembrance of Andover in England, from which some of 
the first settlers came. 

Andover suffered considerably from the Indians just before and 
after Philip's war. 

Great Pond, in the east, sends a stream into the Merrimack ; and 
Shawshin river divides the town, and furnishes valuable mill seats. 

Andover is hounded by the Merrimack on the north, and is the 
most extensive township in the county. 

The Theological Institution, in the South Parish, is the best en- 
dowed of any in the country ; and Phillips Academy has long been 
distinguished. 

The chief manufactures are woollen cloths, and boots and shoes. 

Distance from Salem, 16 miles ; from Boston, 20. 



Inc. 1757.11 7. DAISTVERS. [Pop. 5,020. 

Danvers was settled hy Governor Endicott and his associates, and 
was called Salem Village till its incorporation. The name is sup- 
posed to be taken from that of Earl B'Anvers, Anvers being the 
French for Antwerp ; but why it should have this name is unknown. 

The famous General Israel Putnam was a native of Danvers, as 
were several other valuable officers of the revolutionary army. 

In 1692, the delusion usually called the Sahm Witchcraft com- 
menced in this town, while it was a part of Salem, in the family of 
Mr. Parris, the minister. Those who suffered were executed on a 
hill in the westerly part of the town, still called Gallows Hill. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 89 

The chief manufactures are boots, shoes, and leather. Strange as 
it may seem, in the revolutionary war, four 20 gun ships were built 
in Danvers. 

Distance from Salem, 2 miles ; from Boston, 14. 



/wc. 1668.] 8. BEVERLY. [Pojo. 4,689. 

Beverly is separated from Salem, of which it was originally a 
part, by an arm of the sea called Bass River, over which is a bridge. 

Beverly is quite an agricultural town, although extensively en- 
gaged in the fisheries, and in the manufacture of boots and shoes. 

Captain Lathrop, who, with his men, was killed by the Indians at 
Bloody Brook, Deerfield, in 1675, was a native of Beverly, as was 
Nathan Dane, the distinguished statesman, to whom we owe the Act 
of Congress that prohibited slavery in the Western States. 

Distance from Salem, 3 miles ; from Boston, 17. 



Inc. 1645.] 9. HAVERHILL. [Pop. 4,336. 

The Indian name of this place was Pentucket, 

This town was probably named in compliment to the first minister, 
Mr. Ward, who came from Haverhill in England. 

Before the settlement oithe boundary line between New Hampshire 
and Massachusetts, in 1737, Haverhill included a part of Methuen, 
as well as a part of Salem, Atkinson, and Plaistow, three towns of 
New Hampshire. 

Haverhill was often attacked by the Indians, and few instances of 
heroism exceed that of Mrs. Dustin, who, in 1697, was captured, 
but killed nearly all her foes and escaped. In 1708, the French 
and Indians attacked the town and killed about forty of the in- 
habitants. 



I l l i llll l l i lll III! L II I T'""™™— !"""' "■ — ' ^■^g»"-iij»j.ii»>ui«j«.i!iHin»«..iiM » ',»'i.ju-»i.j' I .im i] « njui-i iM^ «wei^»i «jm[«i.a ■ «»i»— ^— 

90 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

Haverhill is pleasantly situated on the north bank of the Merri- 
mack, which river is navigable only up to this place. A fine bridge 
connects the town with Bradford. 

Tlie chief manufactures are boots and shoes, hats, leather, and 
woollen goodvS. 

Distance from Salem, 31 miles ; from Boston, 30. 



Inc. 1635.] 10. NEWBURY. \_Pop, 3,789. 

The Indian name of Newbury was Quafcacanquen. It was ori- 
ginally a large town, and the settlement began on the banks of Parker's 
river. 

Newbury included Newburyport and West Newbury, and the 
greater part of Plum Island, which is a mere sand bank, belongs to 
Newbury. 

Dummer Academy^ supposed to be the oldest in the State, is in 
Byfield Parish. 

The chief em'ployment of the inhabitants is in ship building and 
the fisheries. 

Distance from Salem, 17 miles ; from Boston, 31. 

Inc. 1634.] 11. IPSWICH. [Pop. 3,000. 

The Indian name of Ipswich was Agawam, and the first minister, 
Mr. Ward, wrote a witty satire, entitled The Simple Cobbler of 
Agawam. 

Essex and Hamilton were formerly a part of Ipswich. 

The second minister was a descendant of the maHyr, John Rogers. 
Another minister, Mr. Hubbard, is distinguished for his History of 
the Indian Wars. 

The principal village is huiU on Ipswich river, over which is a 
substantial Stone Bridge. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 91 

Ipswich was once celebrated for the manufacture of lace, but its 
chief manufactures now are shoes, and cotton goods. 

Distance from Salem, 12 miles ; from Boston, 27. 

lac. 1640.] 12. SALISBURY. [Pop. 2,739. 

This town, which once included Amesbury, was named from 
Salisbury in England, whence the first minister came. 

It is the most northeasterly town in the State, and lies on the 
north bank of the Merrimack, over which is an excellent bridge con- 
necting it with Newburyport. 

Its chief manufactures are shoes, and cotton and woollen goods. 
Ship building is also attended to, and the Fiigate Alliance was built 
here during the war of Independence. 

Distance from Salem, 24 miles ; from Boston, 35. 

Inc. 1840.] 13. ROCKPORT. [Pop. 2,650. 

Rockport was originally the eastern portion of Gloucester, contain- 
ing the village of Sandy Bay. 

In this town is Gape Ann, one of the points that inclose Massa- 
chusetts Bay. 

The inhabitants, like those of Gloucester, are extensively engaged 
in the Fisheries, and in Commerce. 

Distance from Salem, 20 miles ; from Boston, 34. 
Inc. 1668.] 14. AMESBURY. \_Pop. 2,471. 

Amesbury was named after a town in England, and was originally 
a part of Sjilisbury. 

Mills Village, a manufacturing place on both sides of Powow 
River, is partly in Amesbury and partly in Salisbury. The chief 
manufactures are of woollen goods. 



92 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

Josiah Bartlettj one of the signers of the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence, and afterwards Governor of New Hampshire, was born in 
this town. 

Distance from Salem, 20 miles ; from Boston, 40. 
Inc. 1725. 15. METHUEN. \_Pop. 2,251. 

The eastern part of Methuen was once a part of Haverhill. 

The Merrimack forms the southern boundary of the town, but its 
industry depends much upon a little stream, called the Spicket, which 
runs through Methuen, and affords excellent sites for factories. 

The chief manufactures are cotton goods, shoes, hats, and paper. 

Distance from Salem, 20 miles ; from Boston, 25. 

Inc. 1673.] 16. BRADFORD. [Pop. 2,222. 

This place was sdjirst called Merrimack, then Rowley Village, and 
after its separation from Rowley, in 1673, it was called Bradford 
after the second governor of Plymouth colony. 

It lies on the south bank of the Merrimack, opposite Haverhill, 
with which it is connected by an excellent bridge. 
Shoes are the chief article of manufacture. 
Distance from Salem, 18 miles ; from Boston, 30. 

Inc. 1819.] 17. WEST NEWBURY. ^Pop. 1,560. 

This town was a part of Old Newbury, and formed the second 
parish of it. 

It lies on the south bank of the Merrimack, opposite Amesbury, 
with which it is connected by a bridge. 

West Newbury is chiefly an agricultural town. 

Distance from Salem, 16 miles; from Boston, 34. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 93 



Inc. 1838.] 18. GEORGETOWN. \Pop. 1,540. 

This thriving town was formerly the western part of Rowley, and 
called New Rowley. It is watered by a branch of Parker's River, 
and may be called a manufacturing town. 

The highest land in the county, called Bald Pate, is in this town. 

Boots, shoes, and leather are manufactured to a great amount. 

Distance from Salem, 15 miles ; from Boston, 30. 

Inc. 1819.] 19. ESSEX. \_Pop. 1,450. 

Essex, formerly called Ghehacco, was a parish of Ipswich until 
1819. 

The chief business, is ship-building, fishing, and agriculture. 

Distance from Salem, 10 miles ; from Boston 25. 

Inc. 1645.] 20. MANCHESTER. [Pop. 1,355. 

Manchester, when a part of Salem, was called Jeffrey^s Creek. 

The Magnolia, a beautiful flowering tree, is found in this town, and 
no where else in New England, in a native state. 

The inhabitants are more or less connected with navigation. 
Distance from Salem, 8 miles ; from Boston, 26. 

Inc. 1639.] 21. ROWLEY. [Pop. 1,203. 

Rowley was named in honor of its first minister, who had pre- 
viously been settled at Rowley in England, and who afterwards left 
a considerable legacy to the town. 

Rowley once included Bradford, Boxford, and Georgetown. 



94 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



This town has the credit of having manufactured the first cloth 
made in North America. 

Boots, shoes, and leather are the chief manufactures* 

Distance from Salem, 1 6 miles : from Boston, 28. 

Inc. 1815.] 22. SAUGUS. ^Pop. 1,098. 

Saugus was once the Indian name of all Lynn, of which this town 
was the west parish. 

Saugus River divides the town, and agreeably diversifies the 
landscape. 

Sangus, like its parent, Lynn, is celeh-ated for its manufacture of 
shoes. 

Saugus, Nantucket, Pawtucket, Seekonk, and Natick are probably 
the only towns in the State that retain their Indian names. 



Inc. 1650.] 23. TOPSFIELD. \_Pop. 1,059. 

Topsfield, before its incorporation, was apart q/* Salem, and called 
New Meadows. 

The soil is hilly, although the chief village is pleasantly situated on 
a plain. 

Boots and shoes are the chief manufacture. 

Distance from Salem, 9 miles ; from Boston, 21. 

Inc. 1685.] 24. BOXFORD. [Pop. 942. 

Boxford was originally a part of Rowley. 

Although the soil is not generally good, the chief dependence of 
the inhabitants is upon agriculture. 



timmumj aar 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 95 

The retired situation of this pleasant town has prevented it from 
increasing as it would do, if more accessible. 

Distance from Salem, 10 miles; from Boston, 24. 

Tnc, 1793.] 25. HAMILTON. [Pop. 818. 

Hamilton, formerly a part of Ipswich, was named after Alexander 
Hamilton, a distinguished statesman, and friend of Washington. 

Agriculture is the cfiief resource of the inhabitants. 
Chehacco River, the outlet of Chebacco Pond, divides the town ; 
and Ipswich River separates it from Ipswich and Topsfield. 
Distance from Salem, 8 miles ; from Boston, 26. 

Inc. 1814.] 26. LYNNFIELD. \_Pop. 707. 

This town, formerly a part of Lynn, and with Lynn a part of 
Salem, is a farming town, although not favored by nature with a 
good soil. 

Its seclusion from the great thoroughfares has probably prevented 
its increase. 

Distance from Salem, 10 miles ; from Boston, 12. 

Inc. 1643.] 27. WENHAM. [Pop. 689. 

While a part of Salem, Wenham was called Enon. [John 3 : 23.] 

The inhabita7its are mostly farmers, and the soil is generally good. 

Wenham Pond, on the edge of Beverly, is a beautiful sheet of 
water. 

Distance from Salem, 6 miles ; from Boston, 21. 



■ ..»n.iiiM . ii]iin»« 



96 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



Inc. 1728.] 28. MIDDLETON. [Pop. 657. 

Part of Middleton once helonged to Salem, and it may have been 
named because it was formed from the corners of several towns, of 
which it was a sort of centre. 

The inhabitants chiefly get their support from the soil^ which is by 
no means productive. 

Distance from Salem, 7 miles ; from Boston, 20. 



MIDDLESEX COUNTY. 

This county was incorporated in 1643, and named after that in 
England, which includes the city of London. 

The surface of this large county is uneven, but none of the hills 
rise more than a few hundred feet. 

The principal rivers are — 

The Merrimack, which enters at the north and runs east into Essex 
county : 

The Concord, which rises at the south of the county, and runs 
into the Merrimack : 

The Nashua, which rises in Worcester county, crosses the north 
part of Middlesex, and passes through a part of New Hampshire 
into the Merrimack : 

The Charles, which comes from Norfolk County, in the south part 
of Middlesex, and falls into Boston Bay. 

Cambridge and Concord are the county towns. 

Middlesex canal, probably the oldest canal in the country, is 
entirely in this county ; and the manufactures, especially of cotton, 
excel in amount those of any three other counties in the State. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 



97 




^-{"L^trlsSG: l.I^OWELL. ^1^-^^^;^'} 20,796. 

Lowell, originally an Indian settlement called Wamesit, was an- 
nexed to Chelmsford in 1726. With a part of Chelmsford it was 
named Lowell, in 1822, in honor of the Hon. John Lowell of Rox- 
bury ; and, finally, it was made a city, in 1836. 

A village of Tewkesbury, called Belvidere, has recently been 
annexed to Lowell. 
7 



) 



I I mi III IN 



98 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

This city owes its greatness to a few Boston merchants, who 
established cotton manufactories here in 1820. 

It is huilt on the bank of the Merrimack, but the great water 
power is obtained by carrying a wide and deep canal around the 
falls of the river, which have a descent of about 32 feet at this place, 
into Concord River. 

A large portion of this rapidly increasing city depends upon the 
numerous factories ; but for good order, means of education, and reli- 
gion, Lowell is equal to any manufacturing place in the world. 

The chief manufactures are cotton and woollen goods, but carpet- 
ing, powder, and many other things are also manufactured to an 
immense amount. 

Distance from Concord, 14 miles; from Boston, 25. 

Settled U2^.'] 2. CHARLESTOWN. [Pop. 11,484. 

Charlestown, the oldest town in the county, and called Mishawum 
by the Indians, was named after King Charles the First, by Winthrop, 
the first Governor, who resided here before he crossed over to 
Boston. 

Charlestown was first settled by some of the Salem people. 

The present town is a peninsula, nearly all beyond the isthmus 
having been, from time to time, set oft* into the towns of Maiden, 
Woburn, and Somerville. 

It is connected to Boston by two free bridges, and to East Cam- 
bridge, Maiden, and Chelsea, by toll bridges of great length. 

Charlestown has the peculiar honor of containing Bunker Hill, 
where the first regular battle of the Revolution was fought,* June 
17, 1775. 

*The battle was actually fought on Breed's Hlll^ a small eminence between 
Bunker's Hill and Boston, but it is too late now to correct the popular error. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 99 

The State Prison and United States Navy Yard are in Charles- 
town. 

Charles River separates this town from Boston, as the Mystic does 
from Chelsea. The Middlesex Canal also has its outlet in Charles- 
town. 

The commerce is considerable, and the manufactures of Charles- 
town are very various, and to a great amount. 

Distance from Concord, 16 miles. 



Inc. 1631.] 3. CAMBRIDGE. ^ [Pop. 8,409. 

Cambridge, originally called The New Town^ was settled by the 
first Governor, and intended for the seat of government. It was 
named Cambridge, after that famous seat of learning in England. 

The^rsi college in the country, founded here, in 1636, by a dona- 
tion of the Rev. John Harvard of Charlestown, is now the best en- 
dowed university in the country. The jirst Printing Press in New 
England was connected with this college. 

Cambridge, besides having parted with Newton, Brighton, and 
West Cambridge, still contains three distinct and populous settle- 
ments, called Old Cambridge, East Cambridge, and Cambridge Port. 

This town is connected to Boston by two toll bridges of great 
length, and by the Viaduct or railroad bridge to Lowell. 

Mount Auburn, a most beautiful cemetery, is in this town. 

The chief manufactories are at East Cambridge, and the chief 
articles are glass, soap, bricks, &c. 

Charles River flows by Cambridge, separating it from Boston, and 
Fresh Pond is celebrated for its beauty, and the ice that it furnishes 
for exportation to warmer climates. 

Distance from Concord 12 miles. 



100 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



Inc. 1691.] . 4. NEWTON. \_Pop. 3,351. 

Newton is a corruption of New Town, by which name this part of 
Cambridge was called after it was dropped by the older part of the 
town. Previously it had been called Gambridge Village. 

The Indian name was Nonantum, and the hill on which the apostle 
Eliot collected the first congregation of Indians, still is called by its 
Indian name. The first minister of Newton was a son of the 
apostle. 

Newton is nearly surrounded by Charles River, the falls of which 
furnish excellent sites for mills and factories. 

The town has also a large pond, near which, on a beautiful hill, is 
the Baptist Theological Institution. 

Besides the agricultural or East part of the town, there are four 
or five large and distinct villages, in one of which, called West Newton, 
is one of the State Normal Schools. 

The chief manufactures are paper, cotton and woollen cloth, and 
nails. 

Distance from Concord, 12 miles; from Boston, 7. 

Inc. 1700.] 5. FRAMINGHAM. [Fop. 3,030. 

Framingham, when only a plantation, had the same name it now 
bears, and it once included a part of Sudbury, northeast of it, called 
the Farms. 

A branch of Concord River, called Sudbury Fiver, runs through 
the town, and Saxonville, a thriving manufacturing village, is built 
upon it. The Fonds are large and pleasant. 

The chief articles of manufacture, are woollen goods, shoes, and 
straw bonnets. 

Distance from Concord, 13 miles ; from Boston, 20. 



aaoKKmsTTasju 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 101 



Inc, 1612.] 6. WOBURN. [Fop. 2,993. 

Woburn, when a part of Charlestown, was called Charlestoivn 
Village. 

Horn Pond, a beautiful resort for parties of pleasure, is on a quite 
elevated ground, so that the Middlesex Canal, which passes along its 
banks, has six locks within a few rods of each other. 

The chief manufactures are boots, shoes, and leather. 

Distance from Concord, 12 miles ; from Boston, 10. 

Inc. 1649.] 7. MALDEN. [Fop. 2,514. 

Maiden lies on Mystic Kiver, and was originallj a part of Charles- 
town. 

Its chief manufactures are shoes, boots, and leather. 

Distance from Concord, 12 miles; from Boston 4. 

Inc. 1757-8.] 8. WALTHAM. [Fop. 2,504. 

Waltham was formerly the western part of "Watertown. 

This town is built on Charles River, which furnishes water power 
for several important cotton factories. Its manufactures are various 
and valuable. 

The main village is built on a plain, although the Waltham Hills 
are considerable elevations. 

Distance from Concord, 9 miles ; from Boston, 10. 

Inc. 1630.] 9. MEDFORD. [Fop. 2,478. 

Medford, before it was settled by the English, bore the Indian 
name of the River Mystic, on which it is situated. It was originally 
spelled Meadford. 



102 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

The Mystic^ which is here wide enough to admit of ship building 
on its banks, becomes a very narrow stream above the main village. 

After the capture of General Burgoyne's army, at Saratoga, 
they were stationed at Winter Hill on the borders of this town. 

John Brooks, an active officer of the Revolution, and a Grovernor of 
Massachusetts, lived and died here. 

Medford has always been celebrated for the excellence of its ship 
building. The other chief manufactures are hats and bricks. 

Distance from Concord, 14 miles ; from Boston, 5. 

I7ic. 1715.] 10. HOPKINTON. [Pop. 2,245. 

The Indian name of this town was Quansigomog. The greater 
part of the town was purchased of the Indians with a fund left to 
Harvard College by Edward Hopkins, in honor of whom the town 
was named. 

From Ponds in this town one or more sources of Concord, Charles, 
and Blackstone rivers all rise, though they run in such different 
directions. The chief factories are in the village of Unionville. 

A mineral spring, near White Hall Pond, has some celebrity as a 
place of fashionable resort in the warm season. 

Boots, shoes, and cotton goods are the chief manufactures. 

Distance from Concord, 24 miles ; from Boston, 30. 

Inc. 1769.] 11. READING. [^Pop. 2,193. 

Reading was set off from Lynn in Essex county, and was once 
joined to South Reading, which latter is really the older settlement. 

The chief manufactures are boots and shoes. 

Distance from Concord, 17 miles ; from Boston, 13. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 103 



Inc. 1701.] 12. DRACUT. \_Po^. 2,188. 

This is chiefly an agricultural town, situated on the north bank 
of the Merrimack, opposite Lowell, where it finds a market for its 
produce. 

Two excellent bridges connect Dracut with Lowell and Chelms- 
ford, that over Pawtucket Falls being quite picturesque. 

Distance from Concord, 1 6 miles ; from Boston, 27. 

Settled U^^.l 13. GROTON. [Po^. 2,139. 

The name of Groton was given to part of the Indian district of 
Petapaway, in honor of a town in England from which Governor 
Winthrop's family came. 

This town, and several others in its vicinity, were included in a 
grant, eight miles square, made by the General Court to Dean 
Winthrop, a son of the governor. 

Groton suffered so mncli from the Indians in Philip's War, that 
the settlement was entirely abandoned for two years. 

The houndary line of Groton is very irregular, and little or none 
of it remains as it was originally drawn. 

This is a farming town, and some attention has been paid to the 
cultivation of hofs. 

Distance from Concord, 17 miles ; from Boston, 34. 

Inc. 1660.] 14. MARLBOROUGH. {Pop. 2,101. 

Marlborough was probably first settled by the people of Sudbury, 
to which town it belonged before it was incorporated. 

The Indian name was Okommakamesit, and the young settlement 
suffered so severely, that, during Philip's War, the inhabitants 
abandoned the town altogether. 



104 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

Marlborough was originally a very large township, and included 
Northborough, Westborough, and Southborough, now in Worcester 
County. It depends chiefly on agriculture. 

Distance from Concord, 14 miles ; from Boston, 25. 

Inc. 1732.] 15. TOWNSEND. [Pop. 1,892. 

Townsend is situated at the northwestern extremity of the county, 
and were it not for Ashhy, it would be the end of the towns, as its 
name implies. 

Several small streams unite in this town and form the Squanicooh, 
which is a branch of the Nashua. 

A considerable village in the eastern part of the town, is called 
Townsend Harbor. 

The chief manufactures are palm-leaf hats, and leather, but the 
chief dependence is upon agriculture. 

Distance from Concord, 22 miles ; from Boston 38. 

Inc. 1630.] 16. WATERTOWN. {Pop. 1,810. 

The Indian name was Pigsguesset. When the first settlers of 
Charlestown scattered in search of water, some removed to Boston, 
and others to Water-iovfn, and hence the name is probably derived. 

This ancient town originally included Waltham, Weston, and part 
of Lincoln. The Territory is small, but the manufactures are con- 
siderable, and the land well cultivated. 

Watertown is chiefly situated on the north bank of the Charles, 
which is navigable for small vessels only to the U. S. Arsenal, about 
a mile below the village. 

During the siege of Boston, the Provincial Congress, of which 
Warren, Hancock, and Samuel Adams were members, held two 
sessions in Watertown ; and one object of the expedition to Lexing- 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 105 



ton and Concord, was probably to surprise and capture some of these 
patriots. 

Distance from Concord, 10 miles ; from Boston, 7. 

Inc. 1635.] 17. CONCORD. \_Pop. 1,784. 

The Indian tract called Mushetaquid was peacefully purchased of 
the Indians, and, from this circumstance, called Concord. 

Concord originally included the towns of Acton, Carlisle, and part 
of Bedford. 

The county courts meeting alternately at Concord and Cambridge, 
these are generally called Half-Shire-Towns. 

Assabeth and Sudbury rivers unite in this town, and form Concord 
River, which flows northwardly into the Merrimack. 

As the British forces and the Royal Governor were stationed at 
Boston, just before the Revolution, the Provincial Congress, as the 
Representatives of the people were called, sometimes held its sessions 
in Concord, and the public military stores and provisions were de- 
posited here. 

To destroy the stores the British went in boats from Boston to 
Cambridge, and thence marched through Lexington to Concord, April 
19, 1775 ; but their object was in a great measure defeated. 

A monument is erected on the spot where the first Britons in the 
war of the Revolution were killed on that memorable day. The first 
Americans had been killed in Lexington, a few hours before. 

Distance from Boston, 17 miles. 

Inc. 1724.] 18. HOLLISTON, ^Pop. 1,782, 

Holliston, which belonged to Sherburne until it was incorporated, 
was named in honor of Thomas Hollis, of London, an early patron of 
Harvard College. 



,106 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

One source of Charles River is in this town, and affords a good 
water power. 

The chief manufactures are shoes, boots, and straw bonnets. 

Distance from Concord, 21 miles; from Boston, 21. 

Inc. 1655.] 19. CHELMSFORD. ^Pop. 1,697. 

This town was named from Chelmsford in England, and originally 
included the town of Westford, and the settlement of the Pawtucket 
tribe of Indians called Wamcsit, now the city of Lowell. 

The Middlesex Canal joins Merrimack River in this town ; 
but its business has been much diminished by the railroad from 
Boston to Lowell. 

Chelmsford has long had a manufactory of gla^Sj and its granite 
is extensively used for building. 

Distance from Concord, 9 miles ; from Boston, 25. 

I7ic. 1712.] 20. LEXINGTON. [Pop. 1,642. 

Lexington is famed for being the spot where the first American 
blood was shed, at the commencement of the war of Independence. 
The British troops, on their way to destroy the military stores at 
Concord, fired upon the citizens and killed eight of them. A 
monument is erected on the spot where they fell. 

The inhabitants are chiefly farmers, but they pay some attention 
to manufactures, especially articles of fur. 

Distance from Concord, 7 miles ; from Boston, 10. 

Settled 1653.] 21. BILLERICA. IPop. 1,632. 

The Indian name of this town was Shawshine or Shawskeen, the 
same as that of a branch of the Merrimack, that runs through it. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 107 

Billerica is probably a corruption of Villa-rica, though it may have 
been named after Billericay in England, a still worse corruption. 

It was originally granted to Cambridge, and settled by families from 
that town, and from England. 

The inhabitants are chiefly /armers, but some woollens, boots, and 
shoes are manufactured here. 

Distance from Concord, 10 miles ; from Boston, 18. 

Inc. 1753.] 22. PEPPERELL. \^Pop. 1,571. 

This town was named after Sir William Pepperell, who com- 
inanded the expedition which New England sent in 1745 against 
Louishurg, in the Island of Cape Breton, then a French fortress of 
great strength. 

Pepperell was originally a part of Dunstable. 

Nisitissit River runs through the town into the Nashua, which 
forms the eastern boundary, both rivers affording valuable sites for 
mills. 

The ohmi manufactures are paper, shoes, and palm-leaf hats. 

Colonel Prescott, who commanded the Americans at the battle of 
Bunker Hill, was a citizen of this town. 

Distance from Concord, 17 miles; from Boston, 33. 

^Rfliu' I ^^' SOUTH READING. [Pop. 1,517. 

This town was once a part of Lynn, in Essex county, and was 
called Lynn Village. It is a much older settlement than Reading, 
although but lately set oif and incorporated. 

A very large number of the inhabitants are engaged in the manu- 
facture of shoes. 

Distance from Concord, 18 miles ; from Boston, 10. 



108 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



Inc. 1840.] 24. SOMERVILLE. {Pop. 1,500. 

This new town, lately set off from Charlestown, was the agricul- 
tv/ral part of the township. 

Somerville lies on the western bank of Mystic River ; and Pros- 
pect Hill, and part of Winter Hill, to which the Americans retreated 
after the noble struggle at Bunker Hill, are in Somerville. 

The McLean Asylum for the Insane, a noble monument of philan- 
thropy and munificence, is in this town. 

Distance from Concord, 14 miles; from Boston, 2. 

Inc. 1729.] 25. WESTFORD. {Pop. 1,436. 

Westford was so called probably from its having been the western 
precinct or parish of Chelmsford. 

This town furnishes a large quantity of what is called Chelmsford 
Granite for building, but agriculture is the principal employment of 
the inhabitants. 

Distance from Concord, 10 miles ; from Boston, 25. 

Inc. 1807.] 26. BRIGHTON. {Pop. 1,425. 

Brighton was a part of Cambridge, and was called Little Cam- 
bridge, until it was incorporated and named after the town which 
contains a royal palace in England. 

This town is chiefly celebrated for the great Cattle Fair, which is 
held here every Monday ; immense numbers of cattle, sheep, pigs, 
&c. being slaughtered here and in the vicinity for the supply of 
Boston market, and for exportation. 

Distance from Concord, 16 miles ; from Boston, 5. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 109 



lac. 1639.] 27. SUDBURY. [Pop. 1,422. 

Sudbury once included Marlborough and Wayland, which is sepa- 
rated from it by Sudbury River, a source of the Concord. 

This town was once a frontier settlement, and suffered greatly in 
Philip's War. It contains a modest monument to the memory of 
Capt. Wadsworth, and about fifty gallant soldiers, who left Boston to 
relieve Marlborough, but were drawn into an ambush and all killed 
while pursuing the enemy to Sudbury. 

Its manufactures are chiefly of boots, shoes, and paper. 

Distance from Concord, 8 miles ; from Boston, 19. 

Inc. 1807.] 28. WEST CAMBRIDGE. ^Pop. 1,363. 

Before its incorporation, this town was part of Old Cambridge, 
and retained its Indian name, Menotomy. 

The ponds of "West Cambridge, though small, are beautiful ; and 
Sucker Brook, though small, is a very useful stream. 

The town is well cultivated, and it has valuable manufactories of 
shoes, saws, drugs, and calicoes. 

Amos Whittimore, the ingenious inventor of a machine for making 
Wool Cards, was a native of this town. 

Distance from Concord, 12 miles; from Boston, 6. 

Inc. 1781.] 29. NATICK. ^Pop. 1,285. 

Natick is one of the few towns of Massachusetts that retain 
their original Indian names. The word Natick is said to mean 
< The HiU Country.' 

Natick is well watered hy Charles River and several ponds, of 
which Long Pond is the largest, and which will probably be selected 
to supply Boston with fresh water. 



i5aE3Bsg3 Mirr.AW.Jiir.. li mir,' 



110 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

The first regular church of converted Indians, was formed here 
by the apostle Eliot, in 1660, after an unsuccessful attempt at Non- 
antum Hill, in Newton. 

It was into the language of the Natick Indians, that the venerable 
Eliot translated the whole Bible, which was printed at the college 
press at Cambridge, in 1663 ; but not an Indian is left to read the 
work that cost so much labor, nor to speak a word of what has be- 
come a dead language. 

Shoes, to a large amount, are manufactured here. 

Distance from Concord, 12 miles ; from Boston, 16 

Inc. 1767.] 30. ASHBY. [Pop. 1,246. 

Ashby is situated at the northwest corner of the county. 

The soil is very fertile, though the land is elevated ; and the chief 
employment of the inhabitants is agriculture. 

The only manufacture, of any importance, is that oi palm-leaf hats. 

Distance from Concord, 25 miles ; from Boston, 42. 

/wc. 1683.] 31. STOW. [Pop. 1,230. 

Stow was called by the Indians, Pompsiticut, and Shahbukin, which 
were the names of two of its hills. 

It had but two male settlers at the breaking out of Philip's War, 
and one of these was killed, and the other, with both families, for a 
time fled to other settlements. 

Until the incorporation, the plantation, as these unincorporated 
settlements were generally called, was governed by a committee of 
the inhabitants. 

"Woollen goods, shoes, and boots, are manufactured here to a con- 
siderable amount. 

Distance from Concord, 8 miles ; from Boston, 24. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. Ill 

Inc. 1735.] 32. ACTON. \_Pop. 1,121. 

Acton, from its settlement in 1656, till its incorporation, was 2ipart 
of Concord. 

Tlie soil is uneven and not fertile, yet the chief resource of the in- 
habitants is agriculture. 

Barrels are the only article manufactured to any considerable 
amount. 

Distance from Concord, 5 miles ; from Boston, 21. 

Inc. 1712.] 33. WESTON. ^Pop. 1,092. 

Previously to its incorporation, "Weston was the West precinct of 
Watertown, whence probably came its name. 

A portion of the town is considerably elevated. 

Boots and shoes are the chief articles manufactured, but these not 
to any large amount. The inhabitants Sive farmers. 

Distance from Concord, 9 miles ; from Boston, 14. 

lie. 1725. 34. STONEHAM. [Pop. 1,017. 

Stoneham is said to have been named from its rocki/ soil. 

In the south part of the town is a beautiful pond, called Spot Pond, 
from which the city of Boston once thought of building an aqueduct. 

The principal occupation of the inhabitants is the manufacture of 
shoes. 

Distance from Concord, 15 miles; from Boston, 10. 

Inc. 1780.] 35. WAYLAND. [Pop. 998. 

The name of East Sudbury was changed to "Wayland in 1835, 



BiiLH iLiiyii II I iiiMn— T»^iMi ■■iiinrriTTnni 



112 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

probably in honor of Francis Wayland, President of Brown Univer- 
sity. 

This town is separated from Sudbury by Sudbury River, a slug- 
gish branch or source of the Concord, which annually overflows its 
banks, enriching the lowlands, and producing large crops of hay. 

Boots and shoes are manufactured here, but not to a very large 
amount. 

Distance from Concord, 7 miles; from Boston, 16. 

Inc. 1674.] 36. SHERBURNE. [Pop. 995. 

Sherburne originally included Holliston within its limits. It lies 
on the western bank of Charles River, is somewhat elevated, and 
has a good soil. 

Shoes, and straw bonnets, next to agriculture, employ the in- 
habitants. 

Distance from Concord, 15 miles ; from Boston, 18. 

Inc. 1753.] 37. SHIRLEY. \_Pop. 957. 

Shirley was named in honor of William Shirley, Governor of the 
State, who was bom in England, but died at Roxbury, Norfolk 
county, in 1771. 

A society of Shakers, in the southern part of the town, have ac- 
quired some reputation for raising and preparing herbs and garden 
seeds. 

The chief manufactures are cotton and wooUen goods, paper, and 
palm-leaf hats. 

The town is well watered by the Nashua and its branches. 

Distance from Concord, 16 miles ; from Boston, 32. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 113 



Inc. 1729.] 38. BEDFORD. {Pop. 925. 

This town belonged in part to Concord. 

The Shawshine has one of its sources in Bedford, and the Concord 
bounds it on the west. 

Agriculture is the chief employment, but shoes are extensively 
manufactured here. 

Distance from Concord, 5 miles ; from Boston, 15. 

Inc. 1715.] 39. LITTLETON. \_Pop. 927. 

This town, which had previously been an Lidian settlement, called 
Nashoha, was named in honor of Lord Lyttleton, an EngUsh states- 
man, who is said to have sent the town a Bell, which it never re- 
ceived, in consequence of being misdirected to Lzttleton instead of 
Lj/ttleton. 

Littleton is an agricultural town, and contains several fine ponds. 

Distance from Concord, 10 miles ; from Boston, 27. 

Inc. 1734.] 40. TEWKSBURY. \Pop. 906. 

The Indian name of this town was Wamesit, and it was probably 
called Tewkshury after a town of this name in England. 

A thriving village, called Belvidere, has lately been separated from 
Tewksbury, and annexed to Lowell. 

The soil is not very fertile, though large quantities of hops have 
been raised here, and the inhabitants depend upon agriculture. 

Distance from Concord, 12 miles ; from Boston, 19. 

Inc. 1809.] 41. TYNGSBOROUGH. \_Pop. 870. 

Tyngsborough was a part of Dunstable, till its incorporation. It 

8 



114 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY" 



was named in honor of the family of Tyng, from a member of which 
it received a ministerial and school Fund. 

This is the only town in the State that is situated on both sides of 
the Merrimack, which is here a beautiful stream. 

Large quantities of Granite have been sent to Boston by the 
Middlesex Canal. 

The soil is light and sandy, and the river affords no aid to manu- 
factures. 

Distance from Concord, 16 miles; from Boston, 29. 

Inc. 1730.] 42. WILMINGTON. [Pop. 859. 

This town was composed of the adjacent corners of several towns ; 
and, though incorporated more than a century ago, it has yet no 
central village. 

A chief source of Ipswich River rises here ; Wilmington borders on 
the ShawshinCy a branch of the Merrimack, and the Middlesex Canal 
runs through it ; and all contribute to give it a pleasant appearance. 

A large quantity of hops is raised here, and the inhabitants are 
generally y«rmers, though the soil does not well reward them. 

Distance from Concord, 12 miles ; from Boston, 14. 

Inc. 1754.] 43. LINCOLN. [Pop. 686. 

This town was originally a part of Concord, and it was named after 
a town in England, and not, as many suppose, in honor of General 
Lincoln, of the revolutionary army. 

It is watered by Sudbury River, a source of the Concord, and by 
Sandy Pond, valuable for its fish. 

One part of the town is very elevated, and the surface is rough 
and uneven, though in some places fertile. 

Distance from Concord, 3 miles ; from Boston, 16. 



m,v, i Jt i i" ' innnvMi iii m il t m'"'" •'••'•'•' 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 115 



Inc. 1663.] 44. DUNSTABLE. [Fop. 603. 

Dunstable, though now a small town, 07ice comprehended Pepperell, 
Tyngsborough, and much land that is now in New Hampshire. 

This toAvn was the home of Captain Lovewell, the celebrated 
leader in that bloody fight with the Indians on the borders of what is 
called Lovell's Pond, in Fryeburgh, Maine. Both leaders and nearly 
all their followers were slain, but the whites were victorious. 

Distance from Concord, 18 miles ; from Boston, 37. 



Inc. 1805.] 45. CARLISLE. ^Pop. 556. 

Carlisle was originally a part of Concord. 

The soil is unfavorable to agriculture, and yet this is the principal 
dependence of the inhabitants. 

Distance from Concord, 5 miles ; from Boston, 18. 

Inc. 1799.] 46. BURLINGTON. \_Pop. 510. 

This little town is watered by Vine Brook, a branch of the Shaw- 
shine, which runs into the Merrimack, through Andover. 
Its soil is not rich, and its manufactures not extensive. 
Distance from Concord, 10 miles ; from Boston, 13. 

Inc. 1783.] 47. BOXBOROUGH. {Pop. 426. 

The land is hilly, but there are no important streams, and very 
little fertile land. 

Hops are raised, and good limestone found in the town. 

Distance from Concord, 9 miles ; from Boston, 25. 



116 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



NORFOLK COUNTY. 




The present County of Norfolk, was a part of Suffolk County until 
1793, when it was separated. Previously to that date the towns 
north of the Merrimack, with a portion of what is now New Hamp- 
shire, were called Norfolk County. 

The surface of the country is uneven, and the Blue Hilk are the 
highest in the eastern part of the State. That part of the county 
nearest to Boston is highly cultivated. 



.mm ni.jMiu'jvvT'iiH ji.ittm*«»ja« 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 117 

The chief streams are the Charles, which waters several towns ; 
the Neponset, which is entirely in Norfolk, and the Maniquot, all of 
which rivers run into Boston Harbor. 

The largest branch of manufactures, is that of boots and shoes, but 
the greater numher of inhabitants depend on agriculture. 

Inc. 1630.] 1. ROXBURY. [^Pop. 9,089. 

Roxbury, the largest town in Norfolk County, is the only town 
naturally united to Boston by land. 

On a level tract, called Jamaica Plain, is a beautiful pond, about 
four miles from Boston centre, from which many families in Boston 
are supplied with fresh water, by means of an aqueduct of logs and 
iron pipes under ground. 

The first minister of Roxbury was John Eliot, so distinguished as 
a missionary among the neighboring Indians that he was called the 
Apostle. 

General Joseph Warren, who was killed at Bunker Hill, was born 
here in 1740, and his mansion is still standing in Warren Street. 
William Heath, also a General in the Army of the Revolution, was a 
citizen of Roxbury. 

Roxbury was the birth-place of Governors Thomas Dudley, 
Joseph Dudley, and Increase Sumner, and the residence of Gover- 
nors Shirley, and Eustis. 

Its vicinity to the metropolis causes it to be highly cultivated, and 
rapidly to increase in population. 

Distance from Dedham, 7 miles ; from Boston, 3. 

Inc. 1630.] 2. DORCHESTER. [Pop. 4,875. 

Dorchester was named after Dorchester in England, from which 
some of the first settlers came. The Indian name was Matapan. 



118 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



Dorcliester originally included what are now the towns of Milton, 
Stoughton, Sharon, Foxborough, and Canton. 

The Burial Ground contains some of the oldest and most curious 
memorials to be found in the State. 

Lieutenant-Governor William Stoughton was a citizen of Dorches- 
ter ; and Richard Mather, one of its earliest ministers, was the father 
of Increase Mather, and the grandfather of the learned Cotton 
Mather, of Boston. 

Dorchester is celebrated for its country-seats, and the delightful 
prospect from its hills. The place was selected by the settlers, be- 
cause that peninsula of it, which is now South Boston, was * a safe 
place for keeping sheep.' 

Distance from Dedham, 7 miles ; from Boston, 4. 

Inc. 1622.] 3. WEYMOUTH. [Pop. 3,738. 

Weymouth was named from Weymouth in England, from which 
some of the second company of settlers came. The Indian name was 
Wessagusset. 

Next to Plymouth, it is the oldest town in the State. The first 
settlers under Mr. Weston were disorderly, and would all have been 
destroyed by the Indians, had not Massasoit revealed the plot. 

Part of the town was burned by the Indians, in Philip'' s War. 

The chief manufactures are boots, shoes, and leather. 

Weymouth Village includes a part of Braintree, and is a thriving 
settlement. 

Distance from Dedham, 14 miles ; from Boston, 11. 

Inc. 1722.'] 4. QUINCY. [Pop. 3,486. 

This town was originally settled in 1625, and was the Jirst parish 
of Braintree. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 119 



It was called Mount Wollaston, after Captain Wollaston, tlie chief 
settler ; then Merry Mount, by some licentious persons led by one 
Morton ; and, finally, Quincy, from the distinguished family of that 
name. 

Quincy has had the rare fortune to give birth to two Presidejits of 
the United States, John Adams, and John Quincy Adams, his son. 

The hills of Quincy furnished the stone of which Bunker Hill 
Monument, and many other splendid structures, are built ; and the 
railroad, that conveys the stone to the landing, was the first in the 
United States. 

Next to stone the most valuable manufacture is boots and shoes. 

Distance from Dedham, 10 miles; from Boston, 7. 

Inc. 1635.] 5. DEDHAM. [Pop. 3,290. 

For some time the first settlers called this town Contentment. Its 
name was changed to Dedham in honor of the martyr, John Rogers, 
who preached at Dedham in England, and was probably known to 
some of the first settlers here. 

From Dedham have at various times been formed the towns of 
Medfield and Medway, Wrentham and Franklin, Needham, Belling- 
ham, Walpole, and Dover. 

Dedham is watered by the Neponset and Charles ; and, as early as 
1639, the citizens dug the^r*^ canal in the State, now called Mother 
Brook, to connect Charles and Neponset rivers, and furnish suitable 
sites for mills. 

The chief manufactures are cotton, woollen, and silk goods, pa2:)er, 
shoes, bonnets, and cards. 

The Ancient Oah, older than the town, is a curiosity, as is also the 
pedestal of William Pittas Pillar, at the corner of Court House 
Square. 

Fisher Ames, an accomplished orator and profound statesman, was 
born in Dedham. 



120 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

Dedham is the county town, where the courts are held and the 
records kept. 

Distance from Boston, 10 miles. 

Inc. 1793.] 6. KANDOLPH. [Pop. 3,213. 

Randolph, originally a part of Braintree, was probably named after 
Peyton Randolph, the President of the first American Congress, 
in 1774. 

This town is distinguished for its extensive manufacture of boots 
and shoes. 

Punhepog Pond, between Randolph and Canton, is a pleasant 
resort of fishing parties and sportsmen. 

Distance from Dedham, 12 miles ; from Boston 14. 

Inc. 1673.] 7. WRENTHAM. [Pop. 2,915. 

Before its incorporation, Wrentham was part of Dedham. It was 
named from Wrentham, in England, whence some of the first settlers 
came. 

During Philip's War the settlement was burned by the Indians, 

and deserted by the inhabitants. 

The chief manufactures are cotton, bonnets, shoes, and boots. 

Distance from Dedham, 15 miles ; from Boston, 27. 

Z2C.1640.] 8, BRAINTREE. [Pop. 2,168. 

Braintree formerly included Quincy and Randolph. The town of 
Quincy contains the oldest settlement. 

The Maniquot river passes through the town, and unites with 
Weymouth Fore river, at Braintree Landing. 

The chief manufactures are boots, shoes, nails, and paper. 

Distance from Dedham, 12 miles ; from Boston, 10. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 121 

//ic. 1726.] 9. STOUGHTON. [Pop. 2,142. 

Stoughton was named after Lieutenant-Governor Stoughton, of 
Dorchester, of which town it was originally a part. 

It was once called Punhapoag, and contained a village of Praying 
Indians, as the converts used to be called. 

Its chief manufacture is boots and shoes. 

Distance from Dedham, 10 miles ; from Boston, 20. 

Inc. 1713.] 10. MEDWAY. [Pop. 2,043. 

Medwaj, originally a part of Medfield, and, with that, of Dedham, 
is situated upon Charles River, 

The chief manufactures are cotton and woollen cloth, boots, shoes, 
and bonnets. 

Distance from Dedham, 12 miles; from Boston, 22. 

Inc. 1797.] 11. CANTON. [Pop. 1,995. 

Canton was formerly the south parish of Dorchester, and was 
called Dorchester Village. 

It is situated upon Neponset River, and is extensively engaged in 
the manufacture of woollen and cotton cloth, and copper. 

The granite viaduct, or structure on which the Providence rail- 
road crosses a deep valley, is an object of curiosity. 

Distance from Dedham, 5 miles ; from Boston, 15. 

Inc. 1662.] 12. MILTON. [Pop. 1,822. 

Milton, called by the Indians, Uricataquisset, was originally a part 
of Dorchester, and probably not named in honor of John Milton, the 
Great Author of Paradise Lost, but Mill-ion, from its Mills. 



122 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

The Blue Hills in this town and Canton, are the highest land in 
the county, being 710 feet above the level of the sea. 

The first paper-mill in the United States was established here, on 
the Neponset, by some Boston merchants, in 1728. 

A house, still standing on what is called Milton Hill, was the 
residence of Thomas Hutchinson, who wrote a valuable History of 
Massachusetts, and governed the State just before the Revolution, 
when he went to England, and died in 1780. 

Distance from Dedham, 6 miles ; from Boston, 7. 

Inc. 1778.] 13. FRANKLIN. [Pop. 1,717. 

Before its incorporation, Franklin was a part of Wrentham. 

It was named after Dr. Franklin, who acknowledged the honor by 
a present of books. He had been advised to give them a Bell, but 
he said, * He hoped they preferred sense to sound.' 

Dr. Nathaniel Emraons, a venerable theologian, spent a long life 
and a long ministry here. 

The chief manufactures are straw bonnets and cotton cloth. 

Distance from Dedham, 17 miles ; from Boston, 27. 

Inc, 1724.] 14. WALPOLE. IPop. 1,491. 

Walpole was originally a part of Dedham. 

Three considerable sources of the Neponset unite in this town, on 
which are several cotton, woollen, and paper mills. 

Distance from Dedham, 10 miles ; from Boston, 20. 

Inc. 1711.] 15. NEEDHAM. [^Pop. 1,488. 

Needham was originally a part of Dedham. 




FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 123 



Charles River forms the greater part of its houndary, and enables 
it to have factories of paper, and woollen and cotton cloth. 

Distance from Dedham, 4 miles ; from Boston, 12. 

Inc. 1770.] 16. COHASSET. [Pop. 1,471. 

Cohasset was originally a part of Hingham, which belongs to 
Plymouth County. 

Its seashore is girt with dangerous rocks, and distinguished for 
numerous distressing shipwrecks. 

Shipbuilding and the fisheries give employment to many of the 
inhabitants. 

Of late, Cohasset has become a pleasant summer retreat for the 
citizens of the metropolis. 

The little town of Hull, though joined to Cohasset, belongs to 
Plymouth County. 

Distance from Dedham, 20 miles ; from Boston, by water, 16. 

Inc. 1705.] 17. BROOKLINE. [Pop. 1,365. 

Brookline^ so called, it is supposed, because separated from Cam- 
bridge and Roxbury by Brooks, was once a part of Boston, and 
called Muddy River. 

In 1821, it was connected with Boston by the Mill Dam, or 
Western Avenue, on which is one of the best roads in the country. 

Brookline is distinguished for its beautiful country-seats, and its 
high state of cultivation. 

Dr. Zabdiel Boylston, an eminent Physician, who introduced 
Inoculation for the Small Pox into America, was a native of Brook- 
line ; and his name was given to a town in Worcester County. 

Distance from Dedham, 6 miles ; from Boston, 4. 



J 



124 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



Inc. 1778.] 18. FOXBOROUGH. ^Pop. 1,298. 

Foxborough was originally a part of Stoughton, and, with that, a 
part of Dorchester. 

Its chief manufactures consist of straw bonnets, cotton and woollen 
goods, and iron. 

Distance from Dedham, 15 miles ; from Boston, 24. 



/wc. 1765.] 19. SHARON. [Pop. 1,076. 

Sharon was once a part of Stoughton, and, with it, a part of 
Dorchester. 

The Indians called it Mashapoag, and from a pond of the same 
name issues one of the chief sources of Neponset River. 

It manufactures are cotton and woollen goods, and straw bonnets. 

Distance from Dedham, 8 miles ; from Boston, 18. 



Inc, 1719.] 20. BELLINGHAM. {Pop. 1,055. 

Bellingham, originally a part of Dedham, was named after Richard 
Bellingham, one of the early Governors of Massachusetts. 

The chief stream is a branch of the Charles. 

Its manufactures are boots and shoes, and some cotton and 
woollen goods. 

Distance from Dedham, 18 miles; from Boston, 28. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 125 



Inc. 1650.] 21. MEDFIELD. ^Pop. 883. 

Medfield was originally a part of Dedham, and is supposed to have 
been named from rich meadows on the banks of the Charles and its 
branches. 

The greater part of the town was burnt by the Indians under King 
Philip, in 1776. One of the houses that escaped is still standing, 
and considered a curiosity. 

Agriculture is the principal business, but many straw bonnets are 
made here. 

Distance from Dedham, 8 miles ; from Boston, 17. 



Inc. 1784.] 22. DOVER. [Pop. 520. 

Dover was originally a part of Dedham. 

It is situated on the Charles, and its chief manufactures are of iron. 
The land is well wooded and uneven ; one elevation, called Fine 
Hill, rising 400 feet above Charles River. 

instance from Dedham, 5 miles ; from Boston, 14. 



126 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 




PLYMOUTH COUNTY. 



" " " * ■ ■ -—'»——»— ———T—TT— HI Mil H 'MM ' 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 127 



PLYMOUTH COUNTY. 



Plymouth Colony was not divided into Counties until 1685, when, 
under Governor- General Andross, it was divided into the present 
Counties of Plymouth, Barnstable, and Bristol. 

In 1692, the colony was permanerdly united to Massachusetts by 
the new charter of William and Mary. 

The chief streams are Taunton River, (A.) which flows southwest 
into Bristol County, and North River, (B.) which flows westwardly 
into Massachusetts Bay. 

The soil is generally level, and, at the south especially, it is sandy. 

Those not engaged in agriculture are generally engaged in the 
fisheries^ or in ship-building. 

Inc, 1620.] 1. PLYMOUTH. [Pop. 5,281. 

Plymouth, the oldest town in the State, was called Patuxet by the 
Indians, and Plymouth by the Puritans, in rememhrance of Plymouth 
in England, where the Plymouth Company was formed, and whence 
the May Flower sailed to bring over the first settlers of this colony. 

Plymouth is still one of the largest townships in the State, 
although Marshfield, Plympton, Kingston, and Wareham have been 
taken from it. 

Plymouth Harhor is formed by what is called Plymouth Beach, in 
front of the village, and by a long strip of land, called the Gurnet, 
which proceeds from Marshfield and Duxbury. The harbor is capa- 
cious, but not deep enough for large vessels. 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



The first settlement was in or near Leyden Street. Those who died 
the first winter were buried on a small square at the foot of Middle 
Street, called GoWs Hill. 

A large pond west of the village is called Billington's Sea, because 
Billington, who first saw it from the top of a tree, thought it was 
an arm of the sea. 

At the south is a tract of woodland many miles square, in which 
wild deer are still frequently killed. 

On Burying Hill, the outline of the Fort, built in Philip's War, 
may still be traced. 

Many curious relics of the Puritan Fathers are preserved by the 
Pilgrim Society in their Hall, in front of which is a part of Fore- 
father's Roch, transported thither from the wharf in which the rest 
has been irreverently buried. 

Plymouth is the County Toivn, as well as the largest. Its chief 
manufactures are nails and cotton cloth. It is also extensively en- 
gaged in the fisheries. 

Distance from Boston, 35 miles. 



*? 



/tzc. 1660.] 2. MIDDLEBOROUGH. [Pojt?. 5,085. 

Marlborough was called Namashet by the Indians. 

The town^-hip is one of the largest in the State, and the chief 
village is called Four Corners. 

It contains many ponds, of which Assawamset and Long Pond are 
the largest, and empty into Taunton River. 

Cotton goods, shovels, nails, straw bonnets, and tacks, are the 
principal manufactures. 

Rev. Isaac Backus, who wrote a valuable history of the Baptists, 
was settled in Middleborough in 1748. 

Distance from Plymouth, 14 miles ; from Boston, 34. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 129 



Inc. 1637.] 3. SCITUATE. [Pop. 3,886. 

Scituate is supposed to be a corruption of the Indian word Satuit, 
meaning Gold Brooh. 

Nineteen houses in this town were burned in Philip's War. One 
of the oldest houses in New England, supposed to have been a 
Garrison House, is still standing. 

Its harbor is small, and the soil i§ fertile, but it is extensively 
engaged in the fisheries^ and in ship-building. 

Distance from Plymouth, 20 miles ; from Boston, 17. 

Inc. 1686.] 4. ROCHESTER. ^Pop. 3,864. 

This is a very large township, originally called by the Indians 
Sippican, and named Rochester, after Rochester in England, from 
which some of its first settlers came to Scituate, and thence hither. 

The chief village, called Mattapoiset, has a good harbor on an arm 
of Buzzard's Bay, and is largely concerned in the whale fishery. 

Ship-building is extensively carried on in this town, and at Sippi- 
can Village much salt is manufactured. 

Distance from Plymouth, 16 miles; from Boston, 48. 

Inc. 1635.] 5. HINGHAM. IPop. 3,564. 

Hingham was named from Hingham in England, whence the first 
minister, and some of the first inhabitants came. Before the settle- 
ment it was called Bear Cove, 

In Philip's War, some houses were burned, and some persons 
killed in the town. The Church of the first parish, said to be the 
oldest in the State, was built in 1680. 

Benjamin Lincoln, a Major General in the army of the Revolu- 



'»asyyr,: ««»KlJBa^'it* g3 nPMC!.s.;. :----j* ^ - ."j -' • -me; — rr:^ Tiwvrw^ ^rxWA 



130 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



tion, and Commander of the forces afterwards raised to suppress the 
Shays' Insurrection in Massachusetts, was a native of Hingham. 

Hingham has long been celebrated for the manufacture of wooden 
ware, but its industry is not confined to that branch. It is also largely 
concerned in the fisheries. 

Distance from Plymouth, 24 miles ; from Boston, 14. 

Settled Um.'] 6. ABINGTON. [Pojt?. 3,214. 

The Indian name of Abington was Manamooskeagin^ which means 
Many Beavers^ a name which has no appUcation now but to the 
industrious inhabitants who have displaced the animals. 

Boots and shoes are 'manufactured to a very large amount. 

Abington is said to be the best grazing town in the county. 

Distance from Plymouth, 22 miles ; from Boston, 19. 

/nc.l637.] 7. DUXBURT. [Po;>. 2,798. 

Its Indian name was Mattakeeset. Duxbury is supposed to be de- 
rived from Dux, which means Leader, and Borough or Bury ; Miles 
Standish, the prompt and fearless military Leader, or Dux, of the 
Puritans, having been one of the earliest settlers of this town. 
Captain's Bill, so called, was part of his farm. 

The first settlement was at the southerly part, near Plymouth. A 
strip of land, called the Gurnet, shelters the harbor of Duxbury, as 
well as that of Plymouth from the ocean. 

Duxbury is largely engaged in ship-building, in the fisheries, and 
in the manufacture of boots and shoes. 

Distance from Plymouth, 6 miles : from Boston, 29. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 131 



Inc. 1821.] 8. NORTH BRIDGEWATER. [Po^. 2,616. 

This town was a "part of Bridgewater, until it was incorporated in 
1821. 

It is watered by several small branches of Taunton River. 

It is a large and flourishing place, and its chief business is the 
manufacture of boots and shoes. 

Distance from Plymouth, 24 miles ; from Boston, 20. 

I7ic, 1656. 9. BRIDGEWATER. [^Pop. 2,131. 

The Indian name was Saughtuchet, and the Ancient Town, which 
included North, East, and West Bridgewater, was purchased by 
Captain Miles Standish of Massasoit, and for several years formed 
a part of Duxbury. It was called Bridgewater, after the English 
Duke of that name. 

To show how much towns cost in that day, it may be stated that 
the Four Bridgewaters cost 7 coats, 9 hatchets, 8 hoes, 20 knives, 
4 moose skins, and 10 and a half yards of cotton. 

This town, before the separation, was called South Bridgewater. 
Its soil is good, and well watered by Taunton River. 

Its chief manufactures are boots and shoes, machinery, nails, 
anchors, &c. 

One of the State Normal Schools is established here. 

Distance from Plymouth, 20 miles ; from Boston, 27. 

Inc. 1739.] 10. WAREHAM. [Pop. 2,002. 

Wareham was called Agawam by the Indians, which name seems 
to have been common to several places, and meant ' A place of resort 
for migratory fish.' 



132 ELEMENTARY GEO GRAPH Y 

Its first permanent settlers came from Hingham. It belonged to 
Plymouth until it was incorporated. 

Wareham has a good harbor at the head of Buzzard's Bay, and 
the British attempted to burn the village in 1814. 

Its commerce is considerable, its water privileges good, and its 
chief manufactures are nails, and other articles of iron. 

Distance from Plymouth, 16 miles; from Boston, 50. 

Inc. 1823.] 11. EAST BRIDGEWATER. [Pop. 1,950. 

This town was a part of the ancient Bridge water. 

It manufactures many boots and shoes, and on a branch of Taunton 
River are several factories of cotton, nails, &c. 

The cannon cast here during the war of the Revolution were of 
great service to the continental army. 

Distance from Plymouth, 17 miles ; from Boston, 24. 

Inc. 1640.] 12. MARSHFIELD. [Pop. 1,761. 

Marshfield belonged to Plymouth till 1640, and was called Rexham. 

It is pleasantly situated on North and South Rivers, and does 
something in ship-building, navigation, and manufactures. 

It is chiefly distinguished as the burial-place of Peregrine White, 
the first child born after the arrival of the Pilgrims ; and as the 
residence of Daniel Webster, usually called ^ The Defender of the 
Constitution,' and, in a higher sense, the first son of New England. 

Distance from Plymouth, 15 miles ; from Boston, 25. 

Inc. 1121.1 13. HANOVER. [Pop. 1,488. 

Hanover was probably named in compliment to the Duke of 
Hanover, who had lately been called to the English throne, under 
the title of George the First. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 133 

The principal village is called ' The Four Corners^ 

Some business is done in ship-building, and in the manufacture of 
shoes, and bar iron. 

Distance from Plymouth, 12 miles; from Boston, 23. 

Inc. 1726.] 14. KINGSTON. [^Pop. 1,440. 

Kingston, while a part of Plymouth, was called Jones River 
Parish, after Captain Jones of the May Flower, the vessel that 
brought over the first settlers. 

This village was the residence of John Thomas, a Major-General 
in the revolutionary army, who succeeded to the command of the 
troops before Quebec, after the death of Montgomery, and died soon 
after of the small pox. 

Kingston pays some attention to ship-building, the fisheries, and 
to manufactures in iron. 

Distance from Plymouth, 4 miles ; from Boston, 31. 

Inc. 1711.] 15. PEMBROKE. \_Pop. 1,258. 

Pembroke, originally a part of Duxbury, was itself the parent of 
Hanson and Halifax. 

Two principal sources of North River issue from ponds in this 
town. 

Excellent ships are built here, and the streams aflford sites for a 
few factories. 

Distance from Plymouth, 12 miles; from Boston, 27. 

Inc. 1822.] 16. WEST BRIDGEWATER. {Pop. 1,201. 

This town was the oldest settleiyient of Ancient Bridgewater, and the 
first interior settlement in the colony of Plymouth. 

A branch of Taunton River gives it some valuable mill sites. 



134 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

The inhabitants valiantly defended the town in Philip's War, and 
suffered less than many that were less exposed. 

It has manufactures of shoes and iron. 

Distance from Plymouth, 19 miles ; from Boston, 25. 

Inc. 1820.] 17. HANSON. \_Pop. 1,040. 

This town was separated from Pembroke. 

It is watered by a branch of North River, and several ponds. 

Shoes and nails are the principal manufactures, and iron ore 
abounds in the vicinity. 

Distance from Plymouth, 15 miles ; from Boston, 24. 

Inc. 1790.] 18. CARVER. {Pop. 995. 

Carver, once a part of Plympton, was named after John Carver, 
the Governor of Plymouth Colony, who was chosen on board the May 
Flower, and died in a few months after the settlement was begun 
at Plymouth. 

Carver contains more land than Plympton, from which it was 
separated, but it is much less valuable. 

Manufactories of cast-iron were early established here. 

Distance from Plymouth, 8 miles ; from Boston, 38. 

Inc. 1707.] 19. PLYMPTON. \_Pop. 834. 

Plympton was originally the northwestern parish of Plymouth, 
and contained what is now the town of Carver, and the southern 
portion of Halifax. 

The town has a few manufactories of wood and iron ; and a branch 
of Taunton River gives it some rich meadow land. 

Distance from Plymouth, 8 miles ; from Boston, 32. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 135 



Inc. 1734.] 20. HALIFAX. {Pop, 734. 

Halifax was composed of the north part of Pljmpton, the north- 
east of Middleborough, and the south of Pembroke, which then in- 
cluded Hanson. 

It was probably named in compliment to the Earl of Halifax, an 
able minister of Queen Anne. 

Lumber, shoes, cotton and woollen goods, are the chief sources of 
industry. 

Distance from Plymouth, 12 miles ; from Boston, 28. 

Inc. 1644. 21. HULL. [Pop. 231. 

Hull is a little township at the extremity of Nantasket Beach^ by 
which it is joined to Cohasset, a town of Norfolk County. 

It consists oi five small hills, which, at high tides, are almost 
islands. 

It has no meeting-house, is far from every other town, and often 
difficult of access. 

It forms one of the capes or points that enclose the harbor of 
Boston, called Point Alderton, after one of the Pilgrims who came in 
the May Flower. 

Distance from Boston, by water, 9 miles, by land, 22. 



136 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



BARNSTABLE COUNTY. 




Barnstable County was once a part of Plymouth Colony, and was 
j made a separate county, when Plymouth Colony was united to 
that of Massachusetts, in 1685. 

The whole county is a peninsula^ joined to Plymouth County by 
an isthmus only five miles across. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 137 

The whole county is a mass of sand, covered at best by a very 
thin coat of soil, which does not produce enough for the consumption 
of the inhabitants. 

The inhabitants in a great measure depend upon commerce and 
fishing, and are a hardy race, frugal and moral, and not unworthy of 
their Pilgrim ancestors. 

There are few streams in the county, and the chief manufacture is 
salt. 

Inc. 1639.] 1. BAENSTABLE. ^Pop. 4,301. 

The Indian name was Mattacheeset, which nearly resembles the 
name of the State. Barnstable is the County Toiun. 

This town extends across the peninsula, being from five to nine 
miles wide, and it contains several ponds, of which the largest is 
called Great Pond. 

Sandy Neck, a strip of land extending from Sandwich in front of 
Barnstable, forms the harbor of Barnstable, which is capacious, but 
does not admit large vessels in consequence of a sand hank at its 
entrance. 

Besides the main village there is Hyannis, a good harbor at the 
south ; Osterville at the southeast ; and Gotuit at the west. 

James Otis, a distinguished patriot just before the Revolution, was 
born here. He was killed by lightning when there was no appear- 
ance of a cloud in the sky. 

The inhabitants are engaged in commerce, the fisheries, and the 
manufacture of salt. 

Distance from Boston, by land, G5 miles. 

Inc. 1637.] 2. SANDWICH. \_Pop. 3,719. 

Sandwich was settled by persons from Saugus, then a part of 
Lynn. 



138 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

The soil is better than that of other towns in the county, v/hich 
grows more sandy and barren as it goes east, where there is hardly 
any verdure. 

Glass, nails, salt, and the fisheries, employ the inhabitants. 

The ponds and brooks furnish abundance of fish and game. 

A sJiip canal across the isthmus was once seriously contemplated, 
the distance being only five miles. 

Distance from Barnstable, 12 miles ; from Boston, by land, 53. 

Inc. 1793.] 3. DENNIS. \_Pop. 2,942. 

Dennis was named after its first minister ; and was formerly the 
eastern part of Yarmouth. 

The town extends across the peninsula. North and South Dennis 
being on the opposite sides. 

Most of the inhabitants are concerned in navigation, the fisheries, 
or the manufacture of salt, which last important business is said to 
have been first attempted in Dennis. 

The soil is sandy, and the highest hill in the county is in this 
town. 

Distance from Barnstable, 8 miles ; from Boston, by water, 60. 

Inc. 1803.] 4. HARWICH. [Pop. 2,930. 

Harwich once included Brewster, which was the oldest settle- 
ment of the two. 

Long Pond has an outlet, called Herring River, of which some use 
is made for mills. 

The soil is sandy, and the inhabitants are chiefly employed in 
the fisheries, or business connected with them. 

Distance from Barnstable, 13 miles ; from Boston, by water, 75. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 139 



Inc. 1686.] 5. FALMOUTH. [Po^. 2,589. 

Falmouth is the southwest point of the peninsula, of which the 
Elizabeth Islands, now part of Dukes County, seem to have been a 
continuation. 

The town contains a great number of ponds, and at the southwest 
point, on a small peninsula, is a good harbor, called Wood's Hole. 

The inhabitants are somewhat extensively engaged in the whale 
and other Jisheries, and in the manufacture of salt. 

Distance from Barnstable, 22 miles ; from Boston, by land, 71. 

Inc. 1639.] 6. YARMOUTH. ^Pop. 2,554. 

Yarmouth extends across the peninsula, and has a harbor on each 
shore, they being about 4 miles apart. 

The soil is light and sandy, and much of the land begins to look 
desert, being unfenced. 

The people are extensively engaged in the manufacture of salt, 
and in the fisheries. 

There are several ponds from which a small stream called Bass 
River issues, and runs south. 

Distance from Barnstable, 4 miles ; from Boston, by water, 60. 

Inc. 1763.] 7. WELLFLEET. \_Pop. 2,377. 

Wellfleet was formerly the north part of Eastham, and extends 
across the peninsula. 

From this town to the extremity of Cape Cod, is a range of Hills, 
all composed of sand except one, which is of solid clay, and on the 
seashore. 

The town has many ponds among its sands, and the harbor is a 
good one for small vessels. 



140 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

The fisheries, and the manufacture of salt, employ most of the 
inhabitants. 

Distance from Barnstable, 33 miles, from Boston, by water, 60. 

Lie. 1712.] 8. CHATHAM. [Pop. 2,334. 

Chatham was called, by the Indians, Monamoy. 

Between the sand-hills are numerous ponds, and one hill, called 
Great Hill, is a prominent object from the ocean. 

A spit of land, proceeding from Orleans, forms a considerable bay 
north of Chatham, and defends both Orleans and Chatham from the 
ocean. 

This spit is evidently extending southwardly, and the sand has 
gradually been filling up the harbor of Chatham. 

Though the soil is mere sand, the town is thrifty, the people being 
largely engaged in commerce, the fisheries, and the nmnufacture of 
salt, from sea-water, as usual, by evaporation in the open air. 

Distance from Barnstable, 22 miles ; from Boston, by land, 77. 

Inc. 1727.] 9. PROVINCETOWN. [Pop. 2,122. 

Provincetown was originally a part of Truro. It lies at the very 
extremity of the peninsula, forming a sort of claw, to an arm, which 
the county is said to resemble in form. 

The town is composed of sand-hills, but the harbor is large, deep, 
safe, and of so great importance to mariners, that the Government of 
the United States has expended large sums in its improvement. 

The May Flower, that brought the first freight of pilgrims to New 
England, put in here before proceeding to Plymouth ; and here the 
pilgrims signed a form of government, and chose a governor. 

Some years after its settlement the town was almost abandoned by 
its inhabitants, but, after the Revolutionary War, it revived. 




FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 141 

The inhabitants are extensively engaged in the fisheries, and in the 
manufacture of salt. 

Distance^ in a straight line from Barnstable, 30 miles; from 
Boston, by water, 50, and by land, 116 

Inc. 1797.] 10. ORLEANS. \_Pop, 1,974. 

Orleans was formerly the south p^^rt of Eastham. 

The town is very irregularly shaped, has a small harbor on 
Massachusetts Bay, and an agreeable arm of the sea, called Pleasant 
Bay, at the southeast. 

The soil is sandy and barren, and the inhabitants are engaged in 
the fisheries, and the manufacture of salt. 

Chatham Beach, a long spit of land, extends south about 12 miles, 
and its annual increase, by the action of the Atlantic Ocean, has been 
calculated. 

Distance from Barnstable, 20 miles ; from Boston, by land, 85. 

Inc. 1709.] 11. TRURO. \_Pop. 1,920. 

The Indian name of Truro was Pamet. It is situated at the 
northern part of the peninsula, and is so sandy that little or no 
verdure is ever seen. 

Near the light-house is a singular hill of clay, called the Clay 
Pounds, because, it is said, many vessels have been pounded to 
pieces against it. 

The inhabitants are engaged in the fisheries, and in the manufac- 
ture of salt. 

Distance from Barnstable, 42 miles ; from Boston, by land, 109. 

Inc. 1803.] 12. BREWSTER. [Pojo. 1,522. 

Brewster, formerly the north parish of Har^vich, was named after 



142 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

William Brewster, the venerable elder, who acted as minister to the 
Plymouth Pilgrims. 

Notwithstanding the sandy soil, Brewster has a water power, 
supplied by several ponds, sufficient to turn several mills. 

The town does somewhat in the manufacture of salt, and in fishing, 
but many of the citizens sail from other ports. 

Distance from Barnstable, 16 miles ; from Boston, by water, 69. 

Lie. 1646.] 13. EASTHAM. {^Pop, 955. 

The Indian name of Eastham was Nauset, and the sea beach still 
retains the name. 

Eastham originally was owned by Plymouth, and included Well- 
fleet and Orleans. 

The ravages of the ocean on the coast are distinctly seen, and the 
sand-hills are constantly increasing in height. 

The manufacture of salt, and the fisheries, give employment to the 
inhabitants. 

Distance from Barnstable, 23 miles ; from Boston, in a straight 
line, 68. 

(M.) MARSHPEE. 

Besides the towns in Barnstable County, there is a tract still 
belonging to the Indians, and called Marshpee. 

This tract is situated between Barnstable, Sandwich, and Fal- 
mouth, is full of ponds, and a pleasant residence for the few descend- 
ants of the natives, who once swarmed in that vicinity. 

The Indians, in part, govern themselves, and are under the special 
care of the Legislature of the State. 

Distance from Barnstable, 12 miles ; from Boston, 65. 



r 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 



143 



DUKE'S COUNTY. 




duke's county. 



NANTUCKET COUNTY. 



Duke's County, which at first included Nantucket also, was so 
named in honor of the Duke of York, to whom the king had granted 
New York, and who claimed these islands as under his jurisdiction. 

Thomas Mayhew, the first proprietor, and an early settler, was the 
GoTernor from 1641 till 1644, from which time, till 1664, the 
islands were dependent upon Massachusetts. In 1664, they were 
restored to New York, and continued so until 1692, when they were 
permanently annexed to Massachusetts. 

Duke's County now consists of the Island of Martha's Vineyard 
(V) ; Chappaquiddick (4) ; No-Man's Land (5) ; and the Eliza- 
beth Isles (6, 7, 8, and 9). 



'"^■"nrf ^ B wiw fB ^SMi 



144 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

Marihds Vineyard^ the principal island, contains three towns, 
being about 19 miles long, and, on an average, 5 miles broad. 

It Avas so named by Gosnold, its discoverer, but v\^hat IVIartha it 
was named for does not appear. The Indian name was Capawoch, 
or, as some think. Nope. 

Chappaquiddick (4) belongs to Edgartown. 

No-Man's Land (5) feeds a few sheep and belongs to Chilmark. 

The Elizabeth Islands ^ 16 in number, were named by Captain 
Gosnold, after Queen Elizabeth. The chief of them are : — 

Nashawn (6). 

Nashawenna (7). 

Pasque (8). 

Cuttahunh (9). 

The other islands are very small, and the largest only contains a 
few families, and affords pasture to a few sheep. 

When first settled by the English, Martha's Vineyard was well 
peopled with Indians, who all became so far Christians as to remain 
quiet during Philip's War, in which the Indians of the main land 
generally took a hostile part. 

Inc. 1671.] 1. EDGARTOWN. IPop. 1,736. 

Edgartown, being the oldest settlement on Martha's Vineyard, has 
also been called Old-town. It hes at the west end. 

It was settled in 1641, but not incorporated tiU 1671, while belong- 
ing to New York. 

The strait which separates the town from Chappaquiddick Island, 
forms one of the best harbors in the United States. 

The inhabitants pay some attention to whaling, and to the manu- 
facture of salt, and many articles of wool. 

Distance from Boston, by the way of New Bedford, 80 miles. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 145 

Inc. 1671.] 2. TISBURY. [Pop. 1,520. 

Tisbury occupies the middle part of Martha's Vineyard. 

In an inlet of the sea, at the north, is an excellent harbor called 
Holmes's Hole. 

The inhabitants raise many sheep, and manufacture some salt, 
shoes, hats, &c. 

Distance from Boston, by the way of New Bedford, 75 miles. 

Inc. 1714.] 3. CHILMARK. [Pop. 702. 

Chilmark occupies the west end of Martha's Vineyard, and includes 
the isle of No-man's Land and the Elizabeth Isles. 

The highest land on the island is in this town, and terminates in a 
cliff, called Gay Head, because of the gay appearance given to it by 
the stripes of variegated clay and sand of which it is composed. 

The land around Gay Head still belongs to the remnant of Indians 
settled on it, and the cliff is extremely inte7'esting to Geologists, from 
the fossil remains of whales, sharks, crocodiles, and other animals, 
belonging- to ' the world before the flood,' that are found in it. 

Distance from Boston, by the way of New Bedford, 75 miles. 



NANTUCKET COUNTY. 

The County of Nantucket is composed of Five Islands, only one 
of which (N) is of any importance. 

The main island is about 15 miles long, and, on an average, about 
4 miles wide, the soil being low and very sandy. 



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146 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

Nantucket Island has a somewhat triangular or three-sided /orm, 
the northeastern angle being called Sandy Point ; the southeastern, 
Sancoty Head ; and the western, Smithes Point, opposite ^vhich is 
Tuckanuck Island, with the other small ones belons-incr to the 
county. 

Inc. 1687.] NANTUCKET TOWN. » [^Pop. 9,012. 

The town of Nantucket (marked n) is situated at the west end of 
a sort of bay, on the north side of the island, and there are few other 
houses, except at the small village of Siasconset (S) at the eastern 
end of the Island. 

The harbor is capacious and safe, but a bar of sand before its 
mouth prevents the entrance of large vessels, unless they are -buoyed 
up or unloaded. 

The great business of Nantucket is the whale fishery, which was 
first introduced in 1690, by a whaleman from Cape Cod, and was 
long carried on in boats near the shore. As the whales gradually 
retired from the coast, the enterprising islanders pursued them to the 
most distant seas. 

Thomas Mayhew obtained the Jirst grant of this island in 1641, 
and Thomas Macy was the first settler, in 1659. In 1695, after 
Duke's County, in which Nantucket was included, was taken from 
New York and given to Massachusetts, Nantucket was made a sepa- 
rate county. 

The town, under the name of Sherburne, was incorporated in 1 687, 
but after 1795, the Indian name, Nantucket, was given to the County, 
Island, and Town. 

Distance, in a straight line from Boston, about 90 miles ; and by 
the way of New Bedford, about 107. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 



147 



BRISTOL COUNTY. 




This county was a jiart of the old colony of Plymouth, until the 
union with Massachusetts, in 1685. 

The surface of the county is quite even and sandy. It has good 
harbors, and many of the inhabitants are engaged in navigation. 



-r »«rj»Kj^; :jg.j^.^iii.»fn rrr".»t.i. 



149 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

Taunton River (A) and Pawtucket or Blackstone River (B), with 
their branches, water the county, and afford excellent water power 
for manufacturing purposes. 

Iron ore is found here, and extensively manufactured. 

The county or shire towns are New Bedford and Taunton. 

Inc. 1787.] 1. NEW BEDFORD. ^Pop, 12,087. 

This town, called by the Indians Acushnet, was once a part of 
Dartmouth. 

The first settlers are supposed to have belonged to the Society of 
Friends or Quakers, one of whom named it after the Duke of Bed- 
ford; the word Mew being afterwards added to distinguish it from 
Bedford in Middlesex County. 

The town is situated on an arm of Buzzard's Bay, into which the 
small river Acushnet falls, by which it is separated from Fairhaven, 
and across which is a long bridge uniting the two towns. 

The great business of New Bedford is the whale fishery, in which 
it has no rival but Nantucket. 

A considerable portion of the town, then Dartmouth, was burned by 
the British, because it afforded shelter to American privateers during 
the revolutionary war. 

Distance from Taunton, 24 miles ; from Boston, 52. 

Inc. 1639.] 2. TAUNTON. [Pop. 7,645. 

The Indian name of this ancient town was Cohannet. It included 
within its limits, Berkeley, Raynham, Dighton, Norton, Easton, and 
Mansfield, about one third of the whole county. 

It was named by Miss Elizabeth Poole, who came from Taunton 
in England, and was the principal owner and founder of the settle- 
ment. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 149 

Taunton is situated on both sides of Taunton River, the Tetiquet 
of the Indians ; and small vessels can go up the river as far as 
Taunton. 

Canoe and Rumford Rivers, two branches of the Great Taunton, 
give excellent water power to the town. 

Among the numerous manufactures are cotton cloth, nails and other 
articles of iron, straw bonnets, bricks, &c. 

Taunton River is celebrated for the great number of alewives that 
annually visit it, and for the numerous laws that have been passed 
by the legislature, to regulate the fishery among the several towns 
on its banks. 

Distance from New Bedford, 24 miles ; from Boston, 32. 



Tnc. 1803.] 3. FALL RIVER. \_Pop. 6,738. 

Fall River, once a part of Freetown, was called Troy, till 1834, 
when it was named after the outlet of a large pond, on which its 
numerous manufactories are situated. 

The harbor is excellent, and its location, for both commerce and 
manufactures, almost unequalled. 

A skeleton found here, with some brazen ornaments, unlike any 
known to our Indians, have led to some wild conjectures in regard 
to the original inhabitants of this spot. A Rock once in Dighton but 
now in Berkeley, with figures rudely carved on it, has also led to 
similar conjectures. 

The chief manufactures are cotton and woollen goods, and nails, 
and other articles of iron. Several whaling vessels belong to Fall 
River. 

Distance from Taunton, 17 miles; 14 from New Bedford; and 
49 from Boston. 



150 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



Inc. 1664.] 4. DARTMOUTH. {Pop, 4,155. 

Dartmouth once included the great towns of New Bedford, 
Fairhaven, and Westport, and still its dimensions and population 
are considerable. 

Some of its vessels are engaged in the whale fishery^ but the 
inhabitants are chiefly engaged in the cod fishery, in farming, and in 
the manufacture of salt. 

Distance from New Bedford, 3 miles ; from Taunton, 21 ; and 
from Boston, 56 

Inc. 1812.] 5. FAIRHAVEN. ^Pop. 3,951. 

Fairhaven was a part of New Bedford once, and, with New Bed- 
ford, was a part of Dartmouth. 

It was named Fairhaven from the beauty of its situation. 
Its chief business is the whale fishery ; but the Acushnef, that sepa- 
rates it from New Bedford, furnishes water-power for a few mills. 
Distance from Taunton, 25 miles ; from Boston, 53. 

Settled 16M.'] 6. ATTLEBOROUGH. [Pop. 3,585. 

Attleborough, once a part of the ancient town of Rehoboth, is 
watered by a considerable branch of Blackstone River, and by other 
small streams, which are used for manufacturing purposes. 

Being Si frontier town, Attleborough suffered much during the war 
with King Philip, of Mount Hope. The colonists kept a strong 
garrison here. 

The principal manufactures are cotton cloth, metal buttons, jewel- 
ry, boots and shoes. 

Distance from Taunton, 11 miles; from Boston, 21. 



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FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 151 

Inc. 1787.] » 7. WESTPORT. \Pop. 2,820. 

Westport, the western part of the county, lies on an arm of the 
sea, at the mouth of Buzzard's Bay. 

It was formerly a 'part of the town of Dartmouth. 

Some attention is paid to the Whale Fishery, and to the manufac- 
ture of cotton cloth and yarn. 

Distance from New Bedford, 8 miles ; from Taunton, 25 ; and 
from Boston, 60. 

Inc. 1828.] 8. PAWTUCKET. [Pop. 2,184. 

What should be the town of Pawtucket is diinded by Pawtucket 
River, so that half falls into the town of North Providence, in Rhode 
Island. 

This town is one of the few that retains its Indian name. It was 
originally a part of Seekonk. 

Pawtucket river is navigable to the village, and above the village 
it takes the name of Blackstone river. 

Pawtucket is a manufacturing town, and sends forth large quanti- 
ties of cotton goods and iron. 

Distance from Taunton, 16 miles; from Boston, 36. 

Settled IU6.'] 9. REHOBOTH. [Po;?. 2,169. 

This ancient town, called Saconet^ by the Indians, originally 
included the towns of Seekonk, Pawtucket, Attleborougli, part of 
Swansey, and much more land that is now a part of Rhode Island. 

The first white settler was probably the Rev. Wm. Blackstone, 
who first settled on the peninsula now called Boston, .ind advised 
Gov. Winthrop and his company to cross thither from Charlestown. 



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152 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

In 1634 lie sold liis lands in Boston, and removed the next year 
to Rehoboth. Blackstone River was named in honor of this worthy- 
minister. His house and grave fell on the Rhode Island side of the 
boundary line. 

The first settlers came from Weymouth, in Norfolk county, in 1644. 

A large rock in Rehoboth is celebrated as the spot near which the 
colonists, under the famous Capt. Church, captured Annawon, the 
principal chief that remained after the death of Philip, in 1676. 

Farming is the chief employment, though there are various manu- 
factures to a small amount. 

Distance from Taunton, 10 miles ; from Boston, 40. 

Inc. 1725.] 10. EASTON. ^Pop. 2,074. 

Easton, formerly a part of Norton, and, of course, of Taunton, is 
the north-eastern town of the county. 

Its chief manufactures are of iron, but boots, shoes, cotton goods, 
and straw bonnets, are manufactured to a considerable amount. 

Distance from Taunton, 10 miles ; from Boston, 22. 

Inc. 1812.] 11. SEEKONK. \_Pop. 1,996. 

Seekonk is one of the few towns that retain their Indian name. 
Seekonk is said to mean ' a wild goose.* 

This town was the most ancient part of Rehoboth, and was reduced 
to ashes in Philip's War. Captain Pierce, of Scituate, and his com- 
pany of sixty-three men, had been surprised and slain in the vicinity 
two days before. 

The chief article of manufacture is cotton, but to no great amount. 

Distance from Taunton, 14 miles; from Boston, 41. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 153 

Inc. 1683.] 12. FREETOWN. [Pop. 1,772. 

This town lies on an arm of Taunton River, and is somewhat 
irregularly shaped. It was the motlier of Troy or Fall River. 

The soil is light, but good for grazing. 

Something is done in various manufactures of iron, and a few 
vessels are built here. 

Distance from Taunton, 1 2 miles ; from Boston, 40. 

Inc. 1711.] 13. NORTON. \_Pop. 1,545. 

Norton was probably named after the Rev. John Norton, who 
came to Plymouth with Gov. Winslow, in 1635, and was settled 
over the first church in Boston for many years. 

This town once included Easton and Mansfield, and with them 
was originally a part of Taunton. 

The chief manufactures are of copper, iron, and cotton. The soil 
requires industrious men to make it profitable. 

Distance from Taunton, 8 miles ; from Boston, 30. 

Inc. 1667.] 14. SWANSEY. {^Pop. 1,484. 

The name of this town came from Swansea, in Wales. Part 
of it once belonged to Rehoboth, and part of it fell within the bounds 
of Rhode Island. Somerset was taken from it in 1790. 

It was originally settled by Baptists, who seceded from the church 
in Rehoboth, and were obliged to retire hither. 

The nearness of Swansey to Mount Hope, the residence of the 
Indian king Philip, caused it to be attacked early in Philip's War, 
and the first blood was shed in this town. 

Something is done- in navigation and shipbuilding, and there are a 



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154 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

! - 

few factories on Palmer's river, which crosses the town before it enters 
iihode Island. ^ 

Distance from Taunton, 14 miles ; from Boston, 46. 



Inc. 1770.] 15. MANSFIELD. [Pop. 1,382. 

jMansfield was named after Earl Mansfield., then lord chief-justice 
of Great Britain. It was formerly a part of Norton, and with that 
town a part of Taunton. 

Mansfield is watered by three branches of Taunton river, the 
Rumford, Cocasset, and Canoe, on which are cotton-mills, nail- 
factories, &c. 

Straw bonnets, palm-leaf hats and baskets are also manufactured 
here. 

Indications of extensive beds of anthracite coal have been found 
in this town. 

Distance from Taunton, 12 miles; from Boston, 23. 

Inc. 1712.] 16. DIGHTON. [Pop. 1,378. 

This town was originally a part of Taunton, and included the 
town of Berkley, from which it is separated by Taunton River. 

The Dighton Hock, remarkable for its mysterious hieroglyphics, is 
now in Berkley. 

Dighton has some navigation, and some factories of cotton and 
woollen goods, nails, &c. 

Distance from Taunton, 7 miles ; from Boston, 43. 

Inc. 1731.] 17. RAYNHAM. \_Pop. 1,329. 

Raynham is situated upon Taunton River, above Taunton, of 
which it was once a part. 

The outlets of certain ponds give a water-power that is used for 
manufacture of nails, and other articles of iron. 



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FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 155 



King PJdlijj is said to have had a summer residence in this town, 
and, during the war in which he fell, this town was several times 
molested. 

Distance from Taunton, 3 miles ; from Boston, 30. 

Inc. 1790.] 18. SOMERSET. {Pop. 1,005. 

Somerset, before its incorporation, was a jKirt of Swansey, known 
as the Sltawamet Purchase. 

It is pleasantly situated on the bank of Taunton River, v.'hich is 
navigable to tliis place for considerably large vessels. 

The inhabitants pay some attention to shipbuilding, and the manu- 
facture of stone and earthenware. 

JD-istance from Taunton, 13 miles; from Boston, 45. 

Inc. 1735. 19. BERKELEY.* \_Pop. 886. 

This town was probably named in honor of George Berheley, an 
Irish bishop, of great learning and philanthropy, who had visited this 
country a few years before for the purpose of benefiting the Indians. 

Berkeley was once a part of Dighton and of Taunton, and contains 
the curious Dighton Pock, on which are many rude hieroglyphics, 
supposed to have been made by a people who existed before the 
Indian tribes that the Pilgrim Fathers found here. The meaning 
of the characters is as much a mystery as their origin. 

The rock is on the bank of Taunton River, and is almost covered 
at high tide. Some have supposed that it was related to certain 
skeletons found at Fall River, a few miles below Berkeley. 

Distance from Taunton, 5 miles ; from Boston, 37. 

* This name is often improperly spelled Bcrldey. 




3aM«ME» wa««RMJM > »iJ* ' wua-J BTg3gBB»^:taag 



156 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHy 




WORCESTER COUNTY. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 157 



WORCESTER COUNTY. 



Worcester County was incorporated in 1731. 

It is the largest county in the State in extent of tenitory, and 
number of towns, but in population it only ranks the third. 

Being an inland county, of course it has no navigation, but its 
excellent soil, and its numerous streams give it a high rank in agri- 
culture and manufactures. 

Though not remarkably hilly, Wachusett, in Princeton, is the 
highest nwuntain east of the Connecticut. 

The principal rivers in the county are : 

A. The BlacJcstone, which runs southeasterly into Rhode Island, 
there taking the name of Pawtucket. 

B. Ware River ; E. Swift River ; F. Quaboag River, which are 
all sources of the Chickopee, a branch of the Connecticut. 

C. Miller's River, a branch of the Connecticut. 

D. The Nashua, a branch of the Merrimack. 

G. The Quinehaug ; H. French River, two sources of the Thames, 
a river of Connecticut. 

Inc. 1684.] 1. WORCESTER. [Pop. 7,497. 

Worcester was called Quinsigamond by the Indians, who joined 
with PliiHp against the colonists in the bloody war of 1675. 

In 1701, Worcester was deserted by the inhabitants, through fear 
of the Indians. 

In 1786, Worcester was disturbed by the insurrection of Daniel 
Shays, to suppress which the State was obliged to raise an army. 
Besides the ordinary buildings of a county town, Worcester con- 



158 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

tains the State Lunatic Hospital, a splendid monument of philan- 
thropy, and the Hall of the Antiquarian Society, whose cabinet and 
library are very curious and valuable. 

The sources of the Blackstone meet in Worcester, and furnish 
valuable privileges. 

The Blachstone Canal extends from Worcester to Providence, in 
Rhode Island, but the subsequent constiiiction of rail-roads has ren- 
dered the canal unprofitable. 

The chief manufactures are woollen and cotton goods, boots and 
shoes, hats and bonnets, paper, and iron ware. 

Distance from Boston, 40 miles. 

Inc. 1735.] 2. GRAFTON. \_Pop. 2,943. 

Grafton was a tract four miles square, reserved for the Indians, 
until it was incorporated. In 1671, an Indian church was established 
here by the apostle Eliot and others, but in 1825, not one unmixed 
descendmit of those Indians was known to be living. 

The Blackstone river and one of its branches flows through the 
town, aftbrding good sites for factories of woollen and cotton goods. 
The manufacture of boots ajid shoes is very extensively carried on. 

Distance hova. Worcester, 8 miles; from Boston, 36. 

Inc. 1774.] 3. BARRE. [Pop. 2,751. 

Barre, (pronounced Barry), was a par^t of Rutland, and called 
Hutchinson from 1774 to 1777, when its name was changed to Barre, 
in honor of Colonel Barre, a member of the British parliament, who 
defended the cause of the American colonies when Gov. Hutchinson 
was betraying it. 

The soil is excellent, and the produce considerable. The most 
important manufactories are situated on Ware river and its branches. 



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FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 159 

and the chief articles made ai-e cotton and woollen goods, gunpowder, 
and palm-leaf hats. 

Distance from Worcester, 21 miles ; from Boston, CO. 

Inc, 17G1.] 4. FITCHBURG. \_Pop. 2,604. |l 

Fitchburg, onyma% a part of Lunenburg, and including a partjj 
of Ashby, was probably named after John Fitch, one of its own • | 
11 citizens at the time of its incorporation. \\ 

This and the whole of Lunenburg were nt first called Turkey Hills, li 
in consequence of tlie great number of ivild turkeys that resorted \ 
hither. Dr. Franklin is said to have proposed the wild turkey as ' 
the emblem of this country, instead of the eagle. i 

The soil is good, though hilly. A branch of the Nashua furnishes ' | 
loater-power for the manufacture of cotton and woollen goods, paper, 1 1 
and scythes. ' 

Distance from Worcester, 21 miles ; from Boston, 47. 

Inc, 1845.] 5. BLACKSTONE. \_Pop. in 1840, 2,517. !| 

Blackstone, was the south parish of Mendon, until its incorporation i 
as a separate town. It v/as nam'ed in honor of the Rev. Mr. Blaxton | 
or Blackstone, who was the first settler of Boston, and who removed ' I 
into this vicinity in 1634. 

This new town is tvaiered by Mill and Blackstone rivers, and is 
extensively engaged in the manufacture of cotton and woollen goods, 
and boots and shoes. 

Distance from Vv^orcester, 20 miles ; from Boston, 34. 

Inc. 1673.] 6. BROOKFIELD. [_Pop. 2,472. 

Brookfield was originally granted to persons from Ipswich, injj 
Essex county, and it was long a connecting link between the eastern j' 
towns and those on the Connecticut. ^ i 



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160 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

North Brookfield, Warren and part of New Braintree, were taken 
from Brookfield. 

Brookfield is situated on the Quaboag, which is connected with 
three considerable ponds, and the town, for a time, was named after 
the river. 

Brookfield suffered greatly in Phihp's War, and every house was 
burned. On their return, after the death of Philip, the inhabitants 
continued to be annoyed by the French and Indians as late as the 
year 1710. 

The soil is excellent. The chief manufactures are boots, shoes, 
and iron ware. 

Distance from Worcester, 18 miles ; from Boston, 68. 

Lie. 1715.] 7. SUTTON. [Pop. 2,370. 

The settling of Sutton was retarded by the Indian wars. 

It is a pleasant town, situated on the Blackstone and its branches. 
Sutton originally contained Millbury and part of Upton and of 
Auburn. 

Its chief manufactures are cotton and woollen goods, and boots and 

shoes. 

Distance from Worcester, 10 miles ; from Boston, 44. 

Inc. 1813.] 8. MILLBURY. \_Pop. 2,171. 

Millbury was formerly a part of Sutton, and derived its name from 
its numerous mills, Bury and Borough and Burg meaning the same 
thing as Town or Ville. 

The soil is good, though hiUy. The town is well watered by the 
Blackstone and a large pond which empties into it. 

The chief manufactures are cotton and woollen goods, muskets, 
scythes, boots, shoes and paper. 

Distance from Worcester, 6 miles ; from Boston, 42. 



t meama ariifimtrt m» 



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FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 161 



Inc. 1754] 9. CHARLTON. [Pop. 2,117. 

Cliarlton once included a part of Soutlibridge, and with it belonged 
to Oxford. 

This is an ag7'icuUural town, and well watered by several sources 
of Qumebaug river. 

Distance from Worcester, 14 miles; from Boston, 53. 

Inc. 1740.] 10. LEOMINSTER. \_Pop. 2,069. 

Leominster was once a -part of Lancaster. 

The soil is good, and watered by a branch of the Nashua. 

The inhabitants are mostly /armer^, but large quantities of paper 
and combs are manufactured here. 

Distance from Worcester, 7 miles ; from Boston, 41 miles. 

Inc. 1816.] 11. SOUTHBRIDGE. {Pop. 2,031. 

Southbridge was composed of portions of Sturbridge, Charlton, and 
Dudley. 

The Quinebaug passes across the township, and affords abundance 
of water-power. 

The chief manufactures are cotton and woollen cloths, boots and 
shoes. 

Distance from Worcester, 20 miles ; from Boston, 60. 

Inc. 1653.] 12. LANCASTER. [Pop. 2,019. 

Lancaster is the oldest town in the county, and was called Nasho- 
way by the Indians, who early invited white settlers from Watertown. 

During Philip's War, the town was reduced to ashes, and entirely 
deserted. The Indians were led on by Philip himself. A decided 
stand was made by the inhabitants, at the house of 71!^. Rowlandson, 
11 



162 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

their minister, who was in Boston ; but the house was burned, and 
all the inmates killed or carried into captivity. 

A narrative of the numerous and painful removals of Mrs. Row- 
landson from place to place, as her captors fled or advanced, was 
published ; and when any family removes often, it is common, even 
now, to say, ' They have as many removals as Mary Rowlandson.' 
She returned in a few months to her friends. 

Lancaster also suffered greatly in the French and Indian Wars 
that followed, and had no rest until 1710. 

The north and south branches of the Nashua meet in this town, 
and enrich the soil by annual inundations. 

The manufactures are numerous, and among them are cotton and 
woollen goods, combs, cabinet ware, &c. 

Distance from Worcester, 16 miles ; from Boston, 35. 

Inc. 1738.] 13. STURBRIDGE. [Pop. 2,005. 

The first settlers of Sturbridge were chiefly from Medfield, in 
Norfolk county, and the settlement at first was called New Medfield. 

The Quinebaug has its sources in several ponds of this town, and 
furnishes good water-privileges. 

The chief manufactures are cotton goods, boots, shoes and rifles. 
Distance from Worcester, 18 miles ; from Boston, 58. 

7wc. 1727.] 14. UXBRIDGE. [Pojo. 2,004. 

Uxbridge was the western part of Mendon, and included part of 
Northbridge. 

The Blackstone unites with two of its branches in this town, and 
they afford excellent water-power for factories of cotton and woollen 
goods. 

Distance from Worcester, 18 miles ; from Boston, 38. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 163 

Inc. 1741.] 15. HOLDEN. Pop. 1,874. 

Holden was separated from Worcester, and named in honor of an 
English gentleman, Avhose family were benefactors of Harvard 
College, and of the colony. 

Branches of the Nashua and Blackstone water the town. 

The manufactures consist of cotton and woollen goods, boots and 
shoes. 

Distance from "Worcester, 7 miles ; from Boston, 48. 



Inc. 1739.] 16. HARDWICK. ^Pop. 1,789. 

Hardwick was originally purchased of the Indians by Thomas 
Lamb and others, and called Lamhstoivn till its incorporation. 

Ware River and one of its branches luater the town. 

The soil is good, though uneven. The inhabitants are mostly far- 
mers, but they manufacture excellent paper, a few boots and shoes, 
and palm-leaf hats. 

Part of Dana and New Braintree were takewbfrom Hardwick. 

Distance from Worcester, 24 miles ; from Boston, 64. 

/wc. 1767.] 17. HUBBARDSTON. [Pop. 1,784. 

This town, once a part of Rutland, was named after Thomas Hub- 
bard, of Boston, a large proprietor of its lands. 

The situation of Hubbardston is quite elevated, and it furnishes 
several of the sources of Ware River. 

The inhabitants are chiefly concerned in agriculture, and the manu- 
factures are not to any great amount. 

Distance from Worcester, 17 miles ; from Boston, 53. 



164 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

Inc. 1762.] 18. TEMPLETON. Pop. 1,776. 

This town was granted to some of the heroes of Philip's War, in 
corrvpensation for their services. 

It was probably named in honor of the Temple family, to which 
Gov. Winthrop was related, and it originally contained Phillipston, 
and part of Gardner. 

It is watered by sources of Miller's, Swift, and Ware rivers, on 
which are a factory and many saw-mills. 

Boots, shoes, cabinet ware, and palm-leaf hats are the chief articles 
manufactured. 

Distance from Worcester, 24 miles ; from Boston, 58. 

Inc. 1754.] 19. PETERSHAM. [Pop. 1,775. 

This town was granted to certain persons as a reward for services 
in the Indian wars, and it was called by its Indian name Nicheivaug, 
till its incorporation. 

The land is elevated, and the inhabitants are principally farmers. 

Swift River waters the town, and affords sites for factories of iron 
and woollen articles. 

Distance from Worcester, 29 miles ; from Boston, 62. 

Inc. 1780.] 20. MILFORD. [Pop. 1,773. 

This was once the northeasterly part of Mendon, and when so, was 
called Mill River. 

One source of the Charles, and one of Mill River, a branch of the 
Blackstone, run through the town. 

The inhabitants are chiefly farmers ; but, besides a great amount of 
produce sent to market, they manufacture a very large number of 
boots and shoes. 

Distance from Worcester, 18 miles ; from Boston, 28. 




FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 165 

Inc. 1764.] 21. WINCHENDON. {Po^. 1,754 

This town was granted to certain persons of Ipswich, in Essex 
county, for services in Canada, in 1690, and it was called Ipswich- 
Canada, until it was incorporated. 

Several important sources of Miller's River meet in Winchendon, 
and afford excellent mill-sites. 

The soil is excellent. The chief manufactures are cotton and 
woollen goods. 

Distance from Worcester, 33 miles ; from Boston, 60. 

Inc. 1713.] 22. OXFORD. [Pop. 1,742. 

Oxford was granted to Gov. Dudley, Lieut. Gov. Stoughton, and 
others, in 1682, and included the whole of Charlton, and a part of 
Auburn, Dudley, and Webster. 

The first settlers, in 1686, were about thirty families of French 
Protestants, called Huguenots, who were driven from France by 
religious persecution. They were so annoyed by the Indians, that, in 
the course of twenty years, they all removed, and most of them went 
to Boston, where others of their countrymen had founded a church. 

French River, one of the sources of the Thames, runs through 
Oxford, and owes its name to the above circumstance. 

Though possessed of a good soil, Oxford is distinguished for its 
manufactures, the principal of Avhich are cotton atid woollen goods, 
and boots and shoes. 

Distance from Worcester, 10 miles ; from Boston, 45. 

Inc. 1714.] 23. LEICESTER. \_Pop. 1,707. 

Leicester originally included Spencer, and part of Auburn and 
Paxton. 



166 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

During the Revolution, a society of (about 70) Jews came hitlier 
from Newport, R. I., and erected the first, if not the only synagogue 
ever built in the State, but now not one of the society remains. 

Sources of the Blackstone, Quaboag and French River rise in 

Leicester. 

The main village is on a high hill, and Clappville, a manufacturing 
village, is about four miles from it. 

The chief manufactures are woollen goods, and machine and hand 
cards. 

Distance from Worcester, 6 miles ; from Boston, 46. 

Inc. 1765.] , 24. ROYALSTON. ^Pop. 1,667. 

Royalston was named after Col. Isaac Royal, one of those to whom 
the town was originally granted. 

Several streams unite in this town, forming Tully River, which 
falls into Miller's, in Athol. 

The soil is good, and well diversified for tillage and grazing. 

Here are several active saw-mills ; and woollen goods, cabinet 
furniture, and palm-leaf hats are manufactured. 

Distance from Worcester, 34 miles ; from Boston, 70. 

\ 

Inc. 1717.] 25. WESTBOROUGH. ^Pop. 1,658. 

Westborough was probably so named because, when taken from 
Marlborough, in Middlesex county, it formed the west part of that 
town. Northhorough was taken from Westborough afterwards. 

The soil is good, and well watered by Sudbury and Concord rivers. 

The chief manufactures are boots and shoes. 

Eli Whitney, the inventer of the Cotton-Gin, a machine for cleaning 
the seeds from cotton, by which one man can do the work of a thou- 
sand, was born here. 

Distance from Worcester, 12 miles ; from Boston, 32. 



i i .rofaji.jMBajuw i aijj ' XKj i arj^ g Liw ' iLajwaaMi.Wiiaii a 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 167 



Inc. 1765.] 26. ASHBURNHAM. [Pojo. 1,652. 

This town was granted to certain inhabitants of Dorchester, for 
services in Canada, in 1690, and it was called Dorchester-Canada, 
till incorporated. Part of Gardner was tahen from this town. 

Ashburnham being on the ridge between the Connecticut and the 
Merrimack, some of the sources of the former run west into Miller's 
River, and other streams run east into the Nashua. It has several 
large ponds. 

The chief manufactures are leather, cabinet furniture and palm- 
leaf hats. 

Distance from Worcester, 30 miles ; from Boston, 50. 

Inc. 1781.] 27. STERLING. [Pop. 1,647. 

Sterling was once a part of Lancaster, and called Chochset. Its 
present name, though mispelled, was given in honor of Zorc? Stirling, 
a Major-General in the war of Independence. 

Still River, a gentle branch of the Nashua, runs through the town. 

The soil is good, and the inhabitants turn their attention to agri- 
culture, though they manufacture a considerable amount of cabinet 
furniture and palm-leaf hats. 

Distance from Worcester, 11 miles; from Boston, 40. 

Inc. 1770.] 28. WESTMINSTER. \_Pop. 1,645. 

This town was granted to the soldiers who had served in Philip's 
War. Long afterwards, it was greatly exposed, to the Indians from 
Canada, who never failed to molest the English colonies, whenever 
there was a war between France and England. 

Westminster is on the highlands between the Connecticut and the 
Merrimack. It once contained part of Gardner. 



168 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

Agriculture is the cJdef employment, but much cabinet furniture 
and many straw bonnets are manufactured. 

Distance from Worcester, 26 miles ; from Boston, 50. 

Inc. 1746.] 29. DOUGLASS. \_Pop. 1,617. 

Douglass was settled by persons from Sherburne, in Middlesex 
county, and was called New Sherburne, until its incorporation, when 
it was named Douglass, in honor of William Douglass, an eccentric 
physician of Boston, who wrote a sort of history of the British 
colonies, and opposed inoculation for the small pox, but who was a 
benefactor to this town. 

]\Iumford River, a branch of the Blackstone, rises in Douglass. 

Cotton goods, axes and hatchets, are the chief manufactures. 

Distance from Worcester, 18 miles ; from Boston, 47. 

Inc. 1753.] 30. SPENCER. \Pop. 1,604. 

Spencer was originally a part of Leicester. 

The town is on elevated ground, but the soil is good, and watered 
by several small streams belonging chiefly to the Quaboag. 

The manufactures are boots and shoes, woollen goods, gunpowder, 
wire, and palm-leaf hats. 

Distance from Worcester, 11 miles; from Boston, 51. 

Inc. 1762.] 31. ATHOL. [Pop. 1,591. 

Poquoiag, the Indian name of this place, and of MUler's River, 
was retained until it was incorporated. 

Miller's River receives Tully's River, which is a branch of it, in 
this town, and both afford fine sites for factories. 

The chief manufactures are cotton goods and boots and shoes. 

Distance from Worcester, 32 miles ; from Boston, 70. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 169 

Inc. 1732.] 32. HARVARD. [Pop. 1,571. 

This town was taken from Lancaster, Stow and Groton, and named 
in honor of Rev. John Harvard, the noble founder of Harvard Col- 
lege, who died in Charlestown. 

Harvard is hilly, but the soil is good, and watered by small streams 
that run into the Nashua. Agriculture is the chief employment. 

The Shakers have a thriving village in the northeast part of the 
town. 

Distance from Worcester, 22 miles ; from Boston, 30. 

Inc. 1812.] 33. NORTH BROOKFIELD. [Pop. 1,485. 

This was once the north part of Brookfield. 

Boots and shoes are manufactured here to a very great amount, 
and the agricultural products sent to market are very considerable. 

Distance from Worcester, 18 miles ; from Boston, 58. 

Inc. 1727.] 34. SHREWSBURY. [Pop. 1,481. 

This town was originally granted to some citizens of Marlborough, 
in Middlesex county, and included the whole town of Bolyston, and 
part of West Boylston, Sterling, Westborough, and Grafton. 

Long Pond, the principal feeder of the Blackstone Canal, lies be- 
tween Shrewsbury and Worcester. 

General Artemas Ward, who commanded the whole American 
army before the appointment of Washington, was a native of 
Shrewsbury. 

In 1784, Levi Pease, a citizen of Shrewsbury, started the first 
line of mail-coaches between New York and Boston. The mail, or 
letter-bag, had been previously carried once a fortnight, on horseback, 



170 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

in a pair of common saddle-bags. Now, it goes at least once a day, 
and often weighs several tons. 

The town depends mainly upon agriculture, but many shoes and 
much clothing are made here. | 

Distance from Worcester, 6 miles ; from Boston, 36. I 



Inc. 1735.] 35. UPTON. ^Pop. 1,466. 

Upton was taken from Mendon, »Sutton, Uxbridge and Hopkinton. 
West River, a small stream, runs through Upton, into the Black- 
stone. 

Woollens, boots, shoes and straw bonnets are the {^^^ manufactures. 

Distance ivova Worcester, 14 miles; from Boston, 35. 

Inc. 1772.] 86. NORTHBRIDGE. \_Pop. 1,449. 

Northbridge was once the north part of Uxbridge. 

The Blackstone, Mumford's and West WiYev fertilize the town and 
furnish abundant water-power. 

The chief manufactures are cotton and woollen goods, machinery, 
and boots and shoes. 

Distance from Worcester, 12 miles; from Boston, 35. 

Inc. 1832.] 37. WEBSTER. [Pop. 1,403. 

This town was taken from Dudley and Oxford, and named in honor 
of Daniel Webster, the distinguished statesman of Massachusetts. 

Webster is a manufacturing town, its toater-poiver being derived 
from the outlet of a large pond, which runs into French River. 

The chief manufactures are cotton and woollen goods and thread. 

Distance from Worcester, 16 miles; from Boston, 50. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 171 

Inc. 1732.] 38. DUDLEY. Pop. 1,352. 

This township was granted to Paul and William Dudley, of Rox- 
bury, sons of Governor Dudley. 

Dudley once contained part of Southbridge and Webster. 

The land is fertile, and well watered by several ponds and by 
French and Quinebaug rivers. 

Woollen cloths and shoes are the principal articles manufactured. 
Distance from Worcester, 18 miles ; from Boston, 60. 



Inc. 1771.] 39. PRINCETON. [Pop. 1,347. 

Princeton was made up of some land belonging to the State and 
of a portion of Rutland. It was named in honor of the Rev. Thomas 
Prince of Boston, who left a valuable but unfinished Chronology of 
New England. 

This town is on the high lands that separate the waters of the 
Merrimack and the Connecticut, and it sends streams into both of 
them. 

Wachusett Mountain^ the highest land in the county, is in Prince- 
ton, and the town itself was once called Wachusett. 

Agriculture is the main occupation, but large quantities of shoes 
and palm-leaf hats are made. 

Distance from Worcester, 15 miles ; from Boston, 45. 



Inc. 17.42.] 40. WARREN. \_Pop. 1,290. 

This town loas taken partly from Brookfield, and partly from Brim- 
field and Palmer, in Hampden county. 



172 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

It was at first called Weste7-n, but, in 1834, its name was changed 
to Warren, in honor of Gen. Joseph Warren, who fell at Bunker 
Hill, in 1775. 

The river Quaboag runs through the town into the Chickopee, 
affording good sites for factories. 

The land is productive, and there are some manufactures of cotton 
and woollen goods, and palm-leaf hats. 

Distance from Worcester, 24 miles ; from Boston, 64. 

Inc. 1728.] 41. LUNENBURG. ^Pop. 1,272. 

This town was named in compliment to King George the Second, 
who had been Duke of Luneburg, not Lunewburg. 

Lunenburg originally included Fitchburg, and with it was called 
Turkey Hill. 

The town is watered by two branches of the Nashua, its situation 
is elevated, its soil is good, and agriculture is the chief employment 
of the inhabitants. 

Distance from Worcester, 25 miles ; from Boston, 40. 

Inc, 1785.] 42. GARDNER. [^Pop. 1,260. 

Gardner was made up of four corners cut from the neighboring 
towns of Westminster, Templeton, Winchendon and Ashburnham. 

It was named in honor of Col. Thomas Gardner, who fell in the 
battle of Bunker Hill. 

The town is part of the high lands that separate the waters of the 
Connecticut from those of the Merrimack, and a source of Miller's 
River, called Otter River, issues from Gardner. 

The land is adapted to agriculture, and the only considerable 
manufactures are cabinet furniture and palm-leaf hats. 

Distance from Worcester, 20 miles ; from Boston, 54. 



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FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 173 

Inc. 1722.] 43. RUTLAND. [Fop. 1,260. 

Rutland, thougli a small town, lias been tlie fruitful mother of 
many towns, for her bounds once included Barre, Hubbardstoii, 
Oakham, part of Princeton, and part of Paxton. 

Rutland was considerably annoyed by the French and Lidians, 
about the time it was incorporated. 

The land is elevated, and its streams run both east and west. 
Rutland is well adapted to grazing, and produces fine beef, butter, 
and cheese. 

The only manufactures are boots, shoes, and some woollen goods. 

Distance from Worcester, 12 miles; from Boston, 51. 

Inc. 1766.] 44. NORTHBOROUGH. \_Pop. 1,248. 

Northborough'was so called because it was taken from the north part 
of Westborough, after Westborough was taken from Marlborough. 

This town was settled before any part of Westborough, and suffered 
some during the French wars, while a part of Marlborough. 

The Rev. Peter Whitney, of this town, wrote a valuable History 
of Worcester county. 

The chief manufactures are cotton goods, boots and shoes. 

Distance from Worcester, 10 miles ; from Boston, 32. 

Inc. 1808. 45. WEST BOYLSTON. IPop. 1,187. 

West Boylston, once a part of Boylston, Holden, and Sterling-, 
was named in honor of the family of Boylston. 

The soil is excellent, and the town agricultural. 
Two sources of the southern branch of the Nashua meet m West 
Boylston, fertilize the soil, and aiford sites for several cotton-mills. 

Distance from Worcester, 7 miles ; from Boston, 42. 



174 FLEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

Inc. 1738.] 46. BOLTON. \Pop, 1,186. 

Bolton once included the greater part of Berlin, and with Berlin 
once belonged to Lancaster. 

The land is elevated, and its hills separate the streams of the 
Nashua and the Concord. The soil is productive. 

Combs, boots and shoes, are the principal manufactures. 

Distance from Worcester, 16 miles ; from Boston, 31. 

Inc. 1778.] 47. AUBURN. \_Pop. 1,183. 

This small town was a part of Worcester, Sutton, Leicester, and 
Oxfo d. Until 1837, it was named Ward, in honor of Artemas Ward, 
who was commander-in-chief of the American army ground Boston, 
wlien the battle of Bunker Hill was fought, before Washington 
arrived ; and who, after the war, was distinguished for his uprightness 
and firmness as a judge, particularly during the Shays' rebellion. 

The town is well watered by sources of French and Blackstone 
Rivers, which furnish a few mill-sites ; agriculture, however, is the 
chief employment of the inhabitants. 

Distance from Worcester 5 miles ; from Boston, 45. 

//ic. 1727.] 48. SOUTHBOROUGH. [Po;?. 1,145. 

This town was called Southborough because, before it was incor- 
porated, it was the south part of Marlborough. 

Several little streams run into Sudbury river ; and the soil repays 
the cultivator. 

Some shoes and straw bonnets are the chief manufactures. 

Distance from Worcester, 15 miles ; from Boston, 30. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 175 

Inc. 1762.] 49. OAKHAM. [Pop. 1,038. 

Oakham was once a part of Rutland. 

Ware River and tlie Quaboag have sources in this town. 

The soil is adapted to grazing rather than tillage. 

Some palm-leaf hats and straw bonnets are manufactured. 

Distance from Worcester, 16 miles; from Boston, 56. 

/wc. 1667.] 50. MENDON. [Pojt?. in 1840, 1,007. 

Mendon was first attached to Middlesex county, and was settled by- 
emigrants from Braintree and Weymouth, in Norfolk county. 

This town was once eight miles square, but its territory has been 
greatly diminished to form the towns of Milford, Uxbridge, North- 
bridge, Bellingham, part of Upton, and, last of all, Blackstone. 

After Lancaster, Mendon is the oldest town in the county. In 
1675, it was destroyed by the Indians, but the inhabitants returned 
in 1680. 

What remains of Mendon is essentially agricultural. 

Distance from Worcester, 18 miles ; from Boston, 34. 

Inc. 1786.] 51. PHILLIPSTON. [Pop. 919. 

Phillipston was chiefly taken from Templeton. 

It was first named Gerry, in honor of Elbridge Gerry, a Signer of 
the Declaration of Independence ; but his measures, when Governor 
of the State, displeasing the inhabitants, they changed the name to 
Phillijjston, in honor of a family long distinguished for its wealth and 
its munificence. 

The soil is good, but uneven. Small branches of Swift, Ware, 
and Miller's River waier the town, and afford a few good mill-sites. 



tamiejMiwiiiiar. /tt^ a» u-u» 3 



176 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

Some cotton and woollen goods, and palm-leaf hats, are manufac- 
tured. 

Distance from Worcester, 30 miles ; from Boston, 58. 

/?ic. 1786.] 52. BOYLSTON. [Pop. 797. 

Boylston was once a part of Shrewsbury, and was named after 
Zabdiel, Nicholas, and Ward Nicholas Boylston, three citizens of 
Brookline, distinguished for learning or for the Hberal encourage- 
ment-of it. 

The south branch of the Nashua runs through Boylston, and re- 
ceives several small streams. 

The land is hilly but fertile, and agriculture is the chief employ- 
ment of the inhabitants. 

Distance from Worcester, 8 miles ; from Boston, 45. 

Inc. 1812.] 53. BERLIN. \_Pop. 763. 

Berlin was tahen in part from Marlborough, but chiefly from 
Bolton. 

Berlin is entirely agricultural^ and one of its chief products is Hops. 

Distance from Worcester, 14 miles ; from Boston, 30. 

Inc. 1751.] 54. NEW BRAINTREE. [Pop. 752. 

Part of New Braintree was granted to the inhabitants of old 
Braintree, in Norfolk county, for pubUc services, and this tract, with 
a portion of Hardwick and Brookfield, made the new town. 

This town was a rendezvous of the Indians in Philip's War, when 
they burned Brookfield and Lancaster. 

It is well watered by Ware River, and its sources, and agriculture 
is the chief business of the inhabitants. 

Distance from Worcester, 18 miles ; from Boston, 58. 



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FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 177 



Inc. 1801.] ho. DANA. \Pop. G91. 

Dana was composed of portions of Greenwich, Hardwick, and 
Petersham, and was named after the Chief-Justice of the State when 
the town was incorporated. 

This small town lies upon two branches of Swift River, and the 
inhabitants are chiefly engaged in agriculture. 

Distance from Worcester, 27 miles ; from Boston, 67. 

Inc. 1765.] 56. PAXTON. [Pojo. 070. 

This little town was taken from parts of Kutland and Leicester, 
and assumed the rank of a town without any act of the legislature. 

The inhabitants chiefly subsist by agriculture, but they also manu- 
facture a large number of boots. 

Distance from Worcester, 7 miles ; from Boston, 47. 



HAMPSHIRE COUNTY. 

Hampshire County was incorporated in 1662, and then included 
only three towns, Northampton, Springfield, and Hadley. 

Franklin and Hampden counties were part of Hampshire until 
1811-12, when old Hampshire, the largest county in the State, was 
divided into three. 

The surface is hilly, the Green Mountain, or Hoosack range, bor- 
dering the county on the west, while the range of Mount Tom, in 
the central part, runs south into Connecticut. 

The hest lands are on the banks of the Connecticut (A), which 
separates the county nearly in the middle. 

12 



un-n-LMjijsau. 



178 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 




Ware River (B) waters the eastern part of the county, and West- 
Jield River (C) waters the western towns, and both run through 
Hampden county into the Connecticut. 

Mount Tom (D) and Mount Holyoke (E) stand like two giants 
on opposite sides of the Connecticut, which seems to have forced a 
passage between them. 



Inc, 1654] 



1. NORTHAMPTON. 



IPop. 3,750. 



Northampton, whose Indian name was Nonotuch, formerly included 
East, West, and Southampton, and is the county town as well as the 
largest in the county. 

The chief village is about a mile from Connecticut River, on the 
banks of which are some of the richest meadows in New England. 



J 



* i — wuMjm^Mw an 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 179 

The foot-prints 9f immense birds in the rocks of this town and the 
towns south of it are exceedingly curious, as no such birds are now 
known to exist. 

The scenery is beautiful, and the public and private buildings 
ornamental. 

The Farmington Canal connects New Haven, on Long Island 
Sound, with Northampton, on the Connecticut. 

Mill River, which runs through the town, affords excellent sites 
for factories of woollen cloth, silk, paper, &c, before it joins the 
Connecticut. 

Northampton, though long in the wilderness, was not disturbed by 
the Indians until Philip's War, when a few houses were burned. In 
the subsequent French and Indian wars, the whole town was fortified 
with a trench and palisades. 

During the Shays' Rebellion, the holding of courts of law in this 
town was entirely prevented by the rebels. 

Northampton was the birth-place of Caleb Strong, one of the most 
popular governors of the State ; and among its ministers, besides 
other distinguished men, was Jonathan Edwards, much celebrated 
for his theological and metaphysical writings. 

Distance from Boston, 92 miles. 

Inc. 1761.] 2. BELCHERTOWN. ^Pop. 2,554. 

Belchertown, with Ware and Pelham, were once granted to Con- 
necticut as an equivalent for four towns in Connecticut, that were 
claimed by Massachusetts. 

Connecticut sold the greater part of this town to Jonathan Belcher 
(a native of Cambridge, and afterwards governor) and five associates, 
who gave the tract the name of Belchertown, it having previously 
been called Cold Spring. 

Swift River separates Belchertown from Ware, and a small branch 
of Ware river runs through the whole township. 



L.mu.«n-I1|ii r r ■■' ■■ J»i— ■■■ J'--i-^i :■— ..I1J11 - ! ■ ■ 



180 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



The soil is good, and agriculture and the raising of sheep are the 
chief employment of the inhabitants, the only considerable article of 
manufacture being that of pleasure-wagons. 

Distance from Northampton, 15 miles; from Boston, 77. 

Lie. 1759.] 3. AMHERST. \_Pop. 2,550. 

Amherst was once the eastern part of Hadley. 

A flourishing college was established here in 1821. 

Two small streams that fall into the Connecticut afford excellent 
mill-sites, and the manufactures are valuable and numerous. 

The town was probably named in honor of the celebrated British 
General Amherst, who was commander-in-chief of the British forces 
in America, and who conquered Canada from the French in 1760. 

Distance from Northampton, 7 miles ; from Boston, 82. 

Inc. 1761.] 4. WARE. [Pop. 1,890. 

This township was originally granted to a military company, for 
services in the Indian wars. 

It is situated on Ware River, a powerful branch of the Chickopee. 

The establishment of factories at what is called Ware village, has 
greatly increased the growth and activity of the town. 

The chief manufactures are cotton and woollen goods, boots and 
shoes, straw bonnets and palm-leaf hats. 

Distance from Northampton, 25 miles ; from Boston, 67. 

Inc. 1661.] 5. HADLEY. [Pop. 1,874. 

Hadley was founded by emigrants of great respectability from 
Connecticut, and originally included Amherst, South Hadley, Granby, 
Hatfield, and Sunderland and Whately, two towns now in Franklin 
county. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 181 

This is an agricultural town, and its meadows, on the banks of 
the Connecticut, are extremely fertile. 

Brooms and palm-leaf hats are the chief manufactures. 

The most interesting event in the history of Hadley is the conceal- 
ment in the minister's house of two or three of the judges who signed 
the death-w^arrant of king Charles the First, and fled to New England 
when Charles the Second came to the throne. 

When the town was sorely beset by the Indians, in Philip's War, 
one of these concealed judges suddenly appeared, animated the people, 
fought valiantly, drove off the Indians, and so suddenly disappeared 
again, that an angel was said to have saved the village. 

Distance from Northampton, 3 miles ; from Boston, 88. 

Inc. 1783.] 6. MIDDLEFIELD. [Pop. 1,717. 

Middlefield was composed of portions of the five towns that sur- 
round it, viz., Chester, Becket, Washington, Peru and Worthhigton. 

Middlefield is situated on the declivity of the Hoosack or Green 
Mountain range, and lies between two branches of Westfield river. 

The town has a fine breed of sheep, and manifacfures woollen cloth 
to a considerable amount. 

Distance from Northampton, 24 miles; from Boston, 110. 

Lie. 1753.] 7. SOUTH HADLEY. [Pop. 1,458. 

This town was originally the south part of Hadley. 

The original church, which contained but nine pews, is now a 
dwelling-house. 

Opposite South Hadley the Connecticut has a fall of fifty feet, 
around which a canal is constructed. 

Mount Holyoke, probably named in honor of one of the early 
presidents of Harvard College, is in this town, and from its summit 
afibrds one of the most delightful views in the world. 



182 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



Mount Holyoke Seminary for tlie education of female teachers is 
pleasantly situated, and has a high reputation. 

The chief manufactures are woollens, paper, pearl buttons and 
leather. 

Distance from Northampton, 5 miles; from Boston, 90. 

Inc, 1771.] 8. WILLIAMSBURG. [Pop. 1,309. 

This town was once the west part of Hatfield, and was granted to 
heirs of volunteers against those Indians who destroyed Deerfield in 
1704. 

Williamsburg is watered by the same stream that runs through 
Northampton into the Connecticut, affording fine sites for factories. 

The chief manufactures are woollen goods, buttons, axes and other 
tools. 

Distance from Northampton, 8 miles ; from Boston, 103. 

/nc. 1779.] 9. CUMMINGTON. [Pop. 1,237. 

This town was named after Col. John Cummings, of Concord, who 
bought it of the General Court in 1762. It originally included 
Plainfield. 

A branch of Westfield river passes through the town, affording 
excellent water-power for mills and factories. 

The chief manufactures are woollen and cotton goods, and leather. 
Some attention is paid to tTie rearing of a fine quality of sheep, the 
land being elevated, and excellent for grazing. 

Distance from Northampton, 20 miles; from Boston, 110. 

Inc. 1768.] 10. WORTHINGTON. [_Pop. 1,197. 

This township is mountainous, the soil excellent, and fitted for 
grazing. It is well watered by the sources of Westfield river. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 183 

Agriculture, merino sheep, and leather, occupy the attention of the 
inhabitants. 

Distance from Northampton, 17 miles; from Boston, 110 

Inc. 1753.] 11. SOUTHAMPTON. [Pop. 1,157. 

Southampton was originally a part of Northampton. 

It is luatered by the Manhan, a branch of the Connecticut, that 
curves through the town. 

The chief curiosity is a tunnel under a hill, excavated by miners 
in search of lead. The search did not repay the labor ; but many 
curious persons pass under the hill in a boat, which gives no faint 
idea of the fabled passage-boat of Charon to the under world. 

Distance from Northampton, 8 miles ; from Boston, 97. 

Inc. 1762.] 12. CHESTERFIELD. [Pop. 1,132. 

This town was chiefly granted to soldiers in the Narraganset and 
Canada wars. 

Chesterfield is a mountainous district, and is watered by the north 
branch of Westfield river. 

Its soil is well adapted for grazing, and its hills are covered with 
valuable sheep. 

Beryls, emeralds, and other valuable minerals, are found in this 
town. 

Distance from Northampton, 12 miles; from Boston, 105. 

Inc. 1816.] 13. ENFIELD. [Fop. 976. 

Enfield was taken from Greenwich and Belchertown. 

It is watered by Ware River and one of its branches. 

Its chief manufactures are cotton and woollen goods, wool-cards, 
boots and shoes, and palm-leaf hats. 

Distance from Northampton, 15 miles ; from Boston, 75. 



184 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



Inc. 1768.] ' 14. GRANBY. [Pop. 971. 

Granby, named in honor of the Marquis of Granby, an English 
statesman, was once the second parish of South Hadley, and, of 
course, was once a part of Hadley, also. 

A small stream, that crosses the town, and runs into the Connecti- 
cut, affords some water-power for factories. 

Some attention is paid to the raising of sheep, but agriculture is the 
main dependence of the inhabitants. 

Dldance from Northampton, 9 miles ; from Boston, 90. 

Inc. 1743.] 15. PELHAM. {Pop. 956. 

Pelham, when apart of the Equivalent Lands granted to Con- 
necticut, was sold by that State to Col. Stoddard, of Northampton, 
and called after him, Stoddard's Town. 

Part oi Prescott was taken from this town in 1822. 

The soil is good, but elevated and uneven. 

A branch of Swift River waters the eastern part of Pelham, but 
palm-leaf hats are the only considerable article of manufacture. 

Distance from Northampton, 13 miles; from Boston, 80. 

Inc. 1670. J 16. HATFIELD. [Pop. 933. 

Hatfield, though west of the Connecticut, was originally a part of 
Hadley, and one of the oldest settlements in the county. 

This town suffered considerably from the Lidians, especially in 
Philip^s War. 

A convention of discontented persons met here, and passed several 
seditious resolutions, which led to what was called the Shays' re- 
bellion, in 1786. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 185 

Hatfield is distinguished for its fine cattle, and for the manufacture 
of brooms. 

Distance from Northampton, 5 miles ; from Boston, 95. 

Inc. 1807.] 17. PLAINFIELD. [Pop. 910. 

Plainfield was originally the north part of Cummington. 
The land is elevated, but the soil is good, especially for grass. 
Several small streams and some beautiful' ponds water the town. 
The chief manufactures are woollen goods and palm-leaf hats. 
The hills feed numerous flocks of valuable sheep. 
Distance from Northampton, 20 miles; from Boston, 110. 

Inc. 1754.] 18. GREENWICH. [Pop. 824. 

Greenwich is situated on the east and west sources of Swift river, 
and originally included a part of Plainfield. 

Some woollen cloth, scythes, and palm-leaf hats are manufactured 
here. 

Distance from Northampton, 17 miles ; from Boston, 75. 

Inc. 1822.] 19. PRESCOTT. \_Pop. 780. 

Prescott was taken from Pelham and New Salem. 

It was named in honor of Col. Prescott, of Peperell, who was the 
actual commander at the battle of Bunker Hill. 

Its soil is rough and hilly, but loell watered by two sources of Swift 
river. 

A large number of palm-leaf hats are made here, but the inhabi- 
tants are generally y«rmer5. 

Distance from Northampton, 16 miles; from Boston, 76. 



BBBl^BBBSa 



186 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

Inc. 1778.] 20. WESTHAMPTON. [Pop. 759. 

"VVesthampton was token from Northampton. 
It is an agricultural town, and some attention is paid to sheep. 
Manhan river, a small branch of the Connecticut, rises in this town. 
Distance from Northampton, 8 miles ; from Boston, 100. 

Inc. 1773.] 21. NORWICH. IFop. 750. 

Norwich was originally a part of what is now Chester. 
This town is crossed from north to south by a north branch of 
Westfield River. 

The township is hiUy, and the inhabitants farmers. 
Distance from Northampton, 12 miles; from Boston, 108. 

Inc. 1809.] 22. EASTHAMPTON. [Pop. 717. 

Easthampton was taken from Northampton and Southampton. 
Manhan River enters the Connecticut in this town. 

Mount Tom, the head and highest peak of a range of mountains 
running south into Connecticut, is in this town. 

The village was broken up by the Indians in 1704. 

The chief manufactures are buttons and woollen cloths. 

Distance from Northampton, 5 miles ; from Boston, 90. 

Inc. 1781.] 23. GOSHEN. \_Pop. 556. 

Goshen was chiefly taken from the north part of Chesterfield. 
This small town is somewhat mountainous, and some attention is 
paid to sheep. 

Its manufactures are unimportant. 

Distance from Northampton, 12 miles ; from Boston, 105. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 



187 



HAMPDEN COUNTY. 




This county was separated from Hampshire, and incorporated in 
1812. 

It was named in honor of John Hampden, an able advocate for 
liberty, in the time of Charles the First. 

The Connecticut (A) crosses Hampden County, from north to. south, 
nearly in the middle ; the Chickopee (B) and its branches water the 
eastern part, and run west into the Connecticut ; Westfield River 
(C) and its branches water the western part, and run east into the 
Connecticut. 



-I 



188 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

The soil is good, and, until lately, agi'iculture was the main business 
of the inhabitants. 

The streams, especially the Chickopee, have given rise to very 
important manufacturing establishments. 

The New Haven and Northampton Canal crosses the western 
half of the county, but the Western Railroad has diminished its 
usefulness. 

A range of the Green or Hoosack Mountains runs along the 
western border of the county, separating it from Berkshire. 



Inc. 1636.] 1. SPRINGFIELD. \_Pop, 10,985. 

Springfield was called Agawam by the Indians. 

The township was originally very extensive, including Long- 
meadow, Wilbraham, and Ludlow, on the eastern side of Connecticut 
River ; West Springfield, Westfield, and Southwick, on the western 
side ; with Suffield, Enfield, and Somers, which fell into the State of 
Connecticut, when the new boundary line was run. 

Besides the old village, Chickopee and Cabotville are large manu- 
facturing settlements. 

William Pynchon, who came over with Gov. Winthrop, was the 
principal founder of the town, and the few who first accompanied 
him came from Roxbury, in Norfolk county. 

The greater part of what is now Springfield, was burnt in Philip's 
War, 

The United States have had an arsenal and manufactory of fire- 
arms in Springfield ever since the Revolution. 

The chief stand made by the insurgents in Shays' Rebellion, 
in 1787, was made at Springfield, where they stopped the Courts, 
and provoked the government troops to fire upon them. The, first 
shot killed three and scattered the rest. The main army, under 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 189 

General Lincoln, arrived the next day, and put an end to the insur- 
rection. 

Springfield and Northampton were half sMre towns till 1793, when 
the Courts and records were all transferred to Northampton. When 
Hampshire was divided, Springfield became the county town of 
Hampden county. 

The manufactures are very numerous and extensive. Fire-arms, 
cotton goods, paper, and iron utensils, are the most valuable. 

The water-power is furnished by Chicopee River, which divides the 
town as it enters the Connecticut, and by Mill River, a small stream 
south of the Chicopee. 

Distance from Boston, 87 miles. 

Inc. 1774.] 2. WEST SPRINGFIELD. [Pop. 3,626. 

West Springfield was originally a part of Springfield. 

It is divided by Westfield River, and lies on the west bank of the 
Connecticut, occupying the whole width of the county. 

Some woollen and cotton goods are manufactured here, but the 
town is essentially agricultural, and the soil is generally good. 

Distance from Springfield, 6 miles ; from Boston, 87. 

Inc. 1669.] 3. WESTFIELD \_Pop. 3,526. 

This town was called Warronoco by the Indians, and Westfield 
by the English, because it was the most westerly settlement of the 
colony. It once included Southwick and Russell, and was united to 
Springfield. 

Little River, a branch of Westfield River, unites with it near the 
main village. 

The settlei-s were few in number at the time of Philip's War, but 
they suffered considerably. 1 



190 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

The soil is good, though various. The only manufactures of note 
are whips and gunpowder. 

Distance from Springfield, 10 miles ; from Boston, 97. 

Inc. 1760.] 4. MONSON. [Pop. 2,151. 

Monson was once a part of Brimfield. 

The Chicopee hounds the town on the north, and a small branch 
of it affords excellent water-power. 

The chief manufactures are cotton and woollen goods. 
Distance from Springfield, 13 miles ; from Boston, 74. 

Inc. 1752.] 5. PALMER. [Pop. 2,139. 

Palmer was originally settled by Protestant emigrants from the 
north of Ireland. 

Swift, Ware, and Chicopee rivers unite in this town, and furnish 
abundant water privileges. 

The chief manufactures at present are woollen and cotton goods. 

Distance from Springfield, 16 miles ; from Boston, 71. 



Inc. 1763.] 6. WILBRAHAM. \_Pop. 1,864. 

Wilbraham was once a part of Springfield, and was called Spring- 
field Mountains till its incorporation. 

This town is hounded on the north by the Chicopee, and is watered 
by some of its smaller branches. 

It is chiefly an agricultural town. 

Distance from Springfield, 10 miles ; from Boston, 83. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 191 

Inc. 1765.] 7. CHESTER. [Pop. 1,632. 

A factory village is at the southeastern corner of the township, but 
the rest of the town is agricultural. 

Westfield River runs through Chester, and affords good water-power. 

The chief manufactures are cotton cloth, leather, and window-blinds. 

Distance from Springfield, 21 miles; from Boston, 118. 

7wc. 1741.] 8. BLANDFORD. [P(?p. 1,427. 

This town was first settled by Protestant emigrants from the north 
of Ireland. 

The town lies on the eastern declivity of the Green Mountains, 
and is icatered by small branches of Westfield River. 

Some woollen cloth and paper are manufactured, but the dairy 
occupies the cliief attention of the inhabitants. 

Distance from Springfield, 15 miles; from Boston, 114. 

Inc. 1731.] 9. BRIMFIELD. [Pop. 1,419. 

Brimfield was originally granted to certain inhabitants of Spring- 
field, and then included Monson, Wales, and Holland. 

Branches of the Chicopee and Quinebaug water the town. 

The chief manufactures are boots, shoes and cotton cloth. 

Distance from Springfield, 19 miles ; from Boston, 70. 

hic. 1754.] 10. GRANVILLE. [Pop. 1,414. 

Granville once included a part of the town of Tolland. 

The surface is mountainous, and is watered by a branch of Little 



192 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

River, which runs into the Westfield, and one of Farmington River, 
which runs into the Connecticut. 

The inhabitants depend upon agriculture. 

Distance from Springfield, 15 miles ; from Boston, 110. 



Inc. 1783.] 11. LONGMEADOW. ^Pop. 1,270. 

Longraeadow was originally a part of Springfield. 

It lies on the eastern bank of the Connecticut, and is a very pleas- 
ant agricultural town. 

Distance from Springfield, 4 miles ; from Boston, 97. 



Inc, 1774.] 12. LUDLOW. Pop. 1,268. 

Ludlow was once a part of Springfield, and was probably wamec? 
after one of Oliver Cromwell's generals, who published valuable 
memoirs of his life and times. 

Tliere is a factory village on the Chicopee, but the town is essen- 
tially agricultural. 

Distance from Springfield, 10 miles ; from Boston, 84. 



Inc. 1779.] 13. SOUTHWICK. [_Pop. 1,214. 

Southwick was once a part of Westfield. 

A portion of this town, about two miles square, projects into Con- 
necticut, and breaks the regular course of the boundary line. The 
whole line once was supposed to be as far south as this projection 
extends ; but when the true line was drawn, the inhabitants on this 
tract would not submit, as the rest did, to the government of Con- 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 193 

necticut, and that State finally left it to Massachusetts in the year 
1800. 

Southwick is watered by a small branch of Westfield River, and 
by some fine ponds, which feed the Farmington Canal as it passes 
throuojh the town. 

Most of the people are farmers, but some gunpowder, cigars and 
whips are manufactured here. 

Distance from Springfield, 11 miles ; from Boston, 108. 

Inc. 1792.] 14. RUSSELL. Pop. 955. 

Russell was once a part of Westfield and Montgomery. 

This town is watered by Westfield and Little River, and it manu- 
factures some cotton and other articles; but the inhabitants rely 
chiefly upon iheiv farms. 

Distance from Springfield, 14 miles; from Boston, 100. 

Inc. 1780.] 15. MONTGOMERY. [Pop. 740. 

Montgomery was once a part of Westfield and Southampton. 

This town was named after General Montgomery, who was slain 
in an unsuccessful attack upon Quebec, at the commencement of the 
Revolutionary War. 

It is a small agricultural town among the mountains, and its chief 
produce is wool and beef-cattle. 

Distance from Springfield, 12 miles ; from Boston, 100. 

Inc. 1762.] 16. WALES. [^Pop. 686. 

This town, /ormer/^ the south part of Brimfield, was named ddtev 
one of its principal citizens, and not after the Principality. 

13 



194 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

One of the sources of the Quinebaug issues from a pond in this 
town. 

Some woollen cloth, boots and shoes, are manufactured here. 
Distance from Springfield, 20 miles ; from Boston, 67. 

Inc. 1810.] 17. TOLLAND. [Pop, 627. 

This town was taken from Granville, and from Sandisfield, which 
is now in Berkshire county. 

Tolland is watered by the sources of Farmington River. 

The land is elevated, and adapted to grazing. Butter and cheese 
are the chief products, and some agricultural implements are the only 
manufactures of importance. 

Distance from Springfield, 20 miles; from Boston, 110. 

Inc. 1796.] 18. HOLLAND. [Pop. 423. 

Holland was once a part of Brimfield. 

This little town is watered by a source of the Quinebaug, and it 
manufactures some cotton cloth. 

Distance from Springfield, 20 miles ; from Boston, 70. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 195 



FRANKLIN COUNTY. 




Franklin, until 1811, was the northern part of Hampshire County. 

Connecticut River (A) divides the county from north to south ; 
Miller's River (B) divides the eastern half, and Deerfield River (C) 
divides the western. 

The hills are verdant, and well adapted to grazing, the plains are 
fertile, the valleys rich. 

The manufactures are increasing, but the agricultural interest still 
predominates. 

This county, being on the frontier, suffered severely during the 
war with King Philip, and in the subsequent wars with the French 
and Indians. 



196 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



Inc. 1761.] 1. COLERAINE. {Pop. 1,971. 

Coleraine once included Leyden, and was probably named from a 
town in the north of Ireland, some of its early settlers being Protes- 
tants from that vicinity. Before its incorporation it was called Bos- 
ton Plantation, No. 2. 

Coleraine was not settled in Philip^s War, but it was often attacked 
by the French and Indians in what were called the French wars ; 
for, whenever England and France were at war, their colonies were 
always involved ; and the French, of Canada, always contrived to 
keep the Indians on theii* side, as the British have done since they 
conquered Canada and lost the United States. 

Green River separates this town from Leyden, on the east, and 
North River, a branch of the Deerfield, supplies water-power for the 
factories. 

A considerable quantity of wool is produced here, and the manu- 
facture of cotton goods and that of iron are important. 

Distance from Greenfield, 9 miles ; from Boston, 100. 

Inc. 1682.] 2. DEERFIELD. {Pop. 1,912. 

Deerfield was called Pocumtuck by the Indians, and was granted 
by the General Court to certain inhabitants of Dedham. 

It is the oldest town in the county, and once included Greenfield, 
Shelburne, Conway and Gill. 

The town is beautifully situated on Connecticut and Deerfield 
River. Green River also unites with the Deerfield in this town. 

Deerfield Mountain rises about seven hundred feet above the river, 
and Sugar-Loaf Mountain, so called from its conical shape, is almost 
as lofty. 

During Philip's War it was humed, and a fine body of about one 
hundred men, under Captain Lothrop, who went thither from Hadley 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 197 

to recover some grain that had escaped the fire, were surprised, and 
nearly all slain, at a place called Bloody Brook, in this town, where 
a monument is erected to their memory. 

Deerfield was again surprised in 1704 by the French and Indians, 
who killed many, made prisoners of one hundred and tAvelve, and 
burned every house but one, which is still standing. 

The minister. Rev. John Williams, was afterwards ransomed, and 
published an account of his captivity and that of his companions. 

Deei'field is an agricultural town, but its manufactures of cutlery, 
palm-leaf hats, corn-brooms and ^socket-books are quite extensive. 
Distance from Greenfield, 3 miles ; from Boston 95. 

Inc. 1753.] 3. GREENFIELD. \_Pop. 1,756. 

Greenfield was once a part of Deerfield, and is now the county 
town. 

It is situated on the western bank of the Connecticut, and is divided 
by Green River, a branch of the Deerfield. 

In 1676, Captain Turner, with about one hundred and sixty 
mounted men, returning from a successful slaughter of the Indians, 
at the Falls between Gill and Montague, was killed here with many 
of his men. The remnant, under Captain Holyoke, escaped to Hat- 
field, through Deerfield, which had been burned the year before. 

The chief part of Greenfield is huilt on an elevated plain. The 
soil is generally good, some sheep are raised, and the chief article 
manufactured is satinet. 

Distance from Boston 88 miles. 

Inc. 1714.] 4. NORTHFIELD. [^Pop. 1,673. 

Northfield was called Sqivahheag by the Indians, and originally 
extended some miles into what is now New Hampshire and Vermont. 



II 111 I IN '■ ' III I' ' I HH 



19S ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

Northfield is the only town of Massachusetts that is situated on 
both sides of Connecticut River. 

During Philip's War the town was hurnt, and the settlement 
broken up. After the inhabitants returned, it was again burnt by 
the French and Indians, and continued deserted until 1713. 

The soil is good, and the village handsome and well situated. 

Distance from Greenfield, 12 miles ; from Boston, 83. 

Inc. 1765.] 5. ASHFIELD. \_Pop. 1,610. 

Ashfield was granted to Captain Ephraim Hunt, of Weymouth, 
for military services in the expedition against Canada, in 1690, and 
it was called Huntstown before its incorporation. 

The surface is hilly, and the inhabitants are chiejly farmers. 

Distance from Greenfield, 18 miles; from Boston, 105. 

Inc. 1783.] 6. ORANGE. \_Pop. 1,501. 

Orange was originally taken from Warwick, from a tract called 
Ervingshire, and from Athol and Royalston, in Worcester county. 

The surface of the town is uneven, and fitted for grazing. 

The north part of New Salem has lately been added to Orange, so 
that Miller's River, that used to bound the town at the south, now 
runs nearly through its centre, affording good water privileges. 

The manufactures are various, but not to a great amount ; agri- 
culture is the cliief business of the inhabitants. 

Distance from Greenfield, 20 miles ; from Boston, 75. 

Inc. 1767.] 7. CONWAY. [Pop. 1,409. 

Conway is nearly divided by South River, a branch of Deerfield 
River, and it is chiefly situated in a valley between two hills. It was 
once a part of Deerfield. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 199 

Some cotton and woollen cloth is manufactured, and the wool 
produced is considerable. 

Distance from Greenfield, 7 miles ; from Boston, 100. 

Inc. 1753.] 8. NEW SALEM. [Pop. 1,305. 

This town was named by the first settlers, because some of them 
came from Danvers, which was then a part of Salem. 

Some palm-leaf hats are manufactured, but the chief business is 
agriculture. 

Distance from Greenfield, 19 miles; from Boston, 73. 

Inc. 1753.] 9. MONTAGUE. \_Pop. 1,255. 

Before it was incorporated, the northern part of Montague belonged 
to the State, and the southern part to Sunderland. 

Saw-mill River, a small branch of the Connecticut, waters the south 
part of the town. In the northwest is a caned, three miles long, by 
which lumber and goods pass round Turner's Falls, which obstruct 
the Connecticut. 

Lumber and building-stone abound, but the manufactures are not 
extensive. 

Distance from Greenfield, 7 miles ; from Boston, 80. 

Inc. 1765.] 10. CHARLEMONT. [^Pop. 1,127. 

Charlemont once contained a part of Buckland and Heath, and 
was composed of Boston Plantation, No. 1, and the largest part of a 
tract called Zoar. 

Deerfield River, flows through this mountainous town, presenting 
much beautiful scenery. 



- CTTg' T -- CTTrW?Tf\ -1-KtJl. «-^^<F^r»»'.1 -!■ ^J^»^'^yg, J 



200 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

Mount Peak, the highest hill, is above one thousand feet high. 

The town being on the frontiers, was considerably annoyed by the 
Indians, in the French wars. 

Agriculture and the raising of sheep are the chief employment of 
the inhabitants. 

Distance from Greenfield, 17 miles ; from Boston, 104. 

Inc. 1779.] 11. BUCKLAND. \_Pop. 1,084. 

A part of Buckland was taken from Charlemont. 

Clesson's River, a small stream, runs into the Deei'field, which 
forms the northern boundary of the town. 

Agriculture is the principal business. The surface is hilly. 

Distance from Greenfield, 12 mUes ; from Boston, 105. 

Inc. 1771.] 12. WHATELY. [^Pop. 1,072. 

Whately was taken from Hatfield, in Hampshire county, and with 
that town was originally a part of Hadley. 

The chief settlement lies about two miles from Connecticut River, 
Whately Swamp being between them. The western part of the 
toivnship is hiUy. 

Green River crosses the town, affording good water-power for 
factories. 

The chief manufactures are woollen cloth, gimlets and pocket- 
books. 

Distance from Greenfield, 11 miles; from Boston, 92. 

Inc. 1763.] 13. WARWICK. [Pop. 1,071. 

Warwick was at Jirst called Roxbur}'^ Canada, because granted to 
the heirs of Roxbury troops who perished in the Canada expedition 
of 1690. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 201 

Mount Grace is quite an elevated hill, but there is no stream of 
any magnitude. 

Many palm-leaf hats are made here, but agriculture is the chief 
resource of the inhabitants. 

Distance from Greenfield, 14 miles; from Boston, 78. 

Inc, 1768.] 14. SHELBURNE. [Pop. 1,022. 

Shelburne was originally a part of Deerfield, and was named after 
Lord Shelburne, a British statesman. 

This town is pleasantly situated on Deerfield River, the falls of 
which afford abundance of water-power. 

Woollen cloth and scythes are the chief manufactures. 

Distance from Greenfield, 9 miles : from Boston, 100. 

Inc. 1762.] 15. BERNARDSTON. [Pop. 992. 

This town, with Leyden, was originally granted by the State to 
the officers and soldiers who were in the battle at Turner's Falls, in 
the town of Gill. 

It was named Bernardston, in honor of Francis Bernard, who was 
Governor of the State from 1760 to 1769, and, by his attachment to 
the crown, unintentionally hastened the Revolution. 

Fall River, a small stream, runs through the town, and falls into 
the Connecticut at Turner's Falls, between Gill and Greenfield. 

The inhabitants are generally farmers. 

Distance from Greenfield, 7 miles; from Boston, 96. 

Inc. 1761.] 16. SHUTESBURY. \_Pop. 987. 

This town was named after Samuel Shute, who was a worthy 
Governor of the State from 1716 to 1723. 



202 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

It was Sit first settled by persons from Sudbury, one of whom lived 
to the great age of one hundi'ed and sixteen years. 

On a branch of Swift River are some small manufactories. 

The land is elevated, and the inhabitants mostly farmers. 

Distance from Greenfield, 16 miles; from Boston, 78. 

Inc. 1792.] 17. HAWLEY. [Pop. 977. 

This town is situated on the Green Mountain range, and is watered 
by several small branches of Deerfield River. 

Some sheep are raised, and some leather manufactured, but agri- 
culture is the main concern. 

Distance from Greenfield, 20 miles ; from Boston, 120. 

Inc. 1785.] 18. HEATH. [Fop. 895. 

The southern part of Heath was taken from Charlemont. 

This town was named in honor of William Heath, a Major-General 
in the Revolutionary army, who belonged to Roxbury, and Avrote 
memoirs of himself. 

This is an agricultural town, the only manufacture of any impor- 
tance being palm-leaf hats. 

Distance from Greenfield, 13 miles ; from Boston, 125. 

Inc. 1774.] 19. LEVERETT. [Pop. 875. 

Leverett was once the eastern part of Sunderland. 

This town was named in honor of John Leverett, a popular Gov- 
ernor of the State from 1673 to 1678 ; and of his grandson, an excel- 
lent President of Harvard College from 1707 to 1724. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 203 

A few scythes and palm-leaf hats are manufactured, but the chief 
business is agriculture. 

Distance from Greenfield, 10 miles ; from Boston, 85. 

Inc. 1781.] 20. WENDELL. [Pop. 875. 

This town was named in honor of the Hon. Oliver Wendell, and 
was once a part of Shut^sbury and of a tract called Ervingshire. 

It is well watered by Miller's River and its branches. 

The inhabitants are mostly farmers, and are not collected into any 

considerable village. 

Some palm-leaf hats, boots and shoes, are made here. 

Distance from Greenfield, 14 miles; from Boston, 80. 

Inc. 1793.] . 21. GILL. \_Pop. 798. 

This town, originally a part of Deerfield, was named in honor of 
Moses Gill, Lieut. Governor of the State at the time the town was 
incorporated. 

Gill is situated on the point made by a great bend of the Con- 
necticut, and is separated from Greenfield by a small stream, called 
Fall River, because it enters the Connecticut near Tumer^s Falls, 
the most interesting falls in the State. 

Just above these falls, a Captain Turner, with one hundred and 
sixty men, from Hadley, surprised and killed about three hundred 
Indians ; but soon afterwards King Philip, with about one thousand 
Indians, came upon them, and Turner was killed in Greenfield, on 
the retreat. The rest, under Captain Holyohe, were routed, and 
many were slain before they reached Hatfield, through Deerfield, 
which afforded them no shelter, having been burned the year before. 

The land is fertile, and agriculture is the main business of the 
inhabitants. 

Distance from Greenfield, 5 miles ; from Boston, 86. 



204 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

Inc. 1714.] 22. SUNDERLAND. [Poj9. 719. 

This town was once a part of Hadley, and contained a part of 
Montague and the whole of Leverett. 

Sunderland lies on the eastern bank of the Connecticut, over which 
is a bridge eight hundred and fifty-eight feet long. 

East of the village, and partly in Leverett, is Mount Tohy, an 
elevation remarkable for its geological structure. The scenery of 
the town is generally very picturesque. 

Corn-brooms, to a considerable amount, are made here, but the 
inhabitants are chiefly farmers. 

Distance from Greenfield, 10 miles ; from Boston, 85. 

Inc. 1785.] 23. ROWE. [Pop. 703. 

This town was originally composed of several grants, and in 1838, 
the Legislature annexed to it part of a tract of land called Zoar. 

Deerfield River hotmds Rowe on the west, and one of its branches, 
Pelham Brook, waters the town. 

When the State found it necessary to establish a chain of forts 
along the northern frontier, to defend the settlements from the French 
and Indians, Fort Pelham was established here. 

The land is elevated, and some wool is produced, but the inhabi- 
tants chiefly depend on agriculture. 

Distance from Greenfield, 22 miles; from Boston, 117. 

Inc. 1809.] 24. LEYDEN. IPop. 632. 

Leyden was taken from Bernardston. 

It was named in honor of that town in Holland, where the Pilgrim 
Fathers resided during their exile from England, before they sailed 
for Plymouth. 






FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 205 

Green River, a branch of the Deerfield, separates Leyden from 
Coleraine. The Glen, where a branch of Green River narrows and 
passes between high rocks, is very beautiful. 

Some wool is raised here, but the inhabitants are chiefly farmers. 

Distance from Greenfield, 7 miles ; from Boston, 100. 

Inc. 1838.] 25. ERVING. [Pop. 309. 

This little town, until lately, was known as Erving's Grant, and 
was probably named in honor of John Erving, a Boston merchant, 
to whom the tract was sold by the government. 

The town lies on Miller's River and the Connecticut, where they 
unite. 

Some woollen cloth, and boots and shoes are made here, but the 
main resource is agriculture. 

Distance from Greenfield, 10 miles ; from Boston, 85. 

Inc. 1822.] 26. MONROE. IPop. 282. 

This smallest town in the county was named in honor of James 
Monroe, who was President of the United States, at the time the 
town was incorporated. 

It was composed of a part of Rowe and of a tract called Zoar. 

Monroe is an elevated region, and raises some sheep, but its few 
inhabitants depend upon the produce of their farms. 

Deerfield River separates the town from Rowe. 

Distance from Greenfield, 23 miles ; from Boston, 125. 



206 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 




BERKSHIEE COUNTY. 



BiaMMaaMitaMMMiai&aMtaaaaaa 



FOB MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 207 



BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 



This county was separated from Hampshire in 1761, when Hamp- 
shire included what are now the counties of Franklin and Hampden 
also. 

This county is the most western, and extends entirely across the 
State. 

Berkshire is a mountainous region, more elevated than any other 
county. 

A range of mountains, called the Hoosack, and which is a continu- 
ation of the Green Mountain range of Vermont, crosses the eastern 
part of this county, separating it from Franklin, Hampshire, and 
Hampden counties. 

A second range, called the Taconic Mountains, crosses the western 
part of the county, separating it from the State of New York. 

The chief rivers are the Hoosick (A), which runs north into Ver- 
mont and the Housatonic (B), which runs south into Connecticut. 

Much of the land is only fit for grazing, but there are many excel- 
lent farming tracts in the valleys, and the value of the streams for 
manufacturing purposes has of late been rapidly increasing. 

Inc. 1761.] 1. PITTSFIELD. [^Pop. 3,747. 

Pittsfield was granted to Boston, and called Boston Plantation, 
No. 3. 

The Indian name of this town was Poontoosuck, and it was named 
Pittsfield, in honor of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, an English 
statesman, who eloquently defended the colonies against the oppres- 
sive measures of the British government. 



208 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

The inhabitants were twice driven away by the Indians and 
French. 

The town is situated in a valley, between two ranges of mountains, 
and the soil is excellent. 

Several branches of the Housatonic unite in this township, and 
furnish abundant water-power. 

The chief manufactures are woollen and cotton goods, muskets and 
carriages. 

Much wool also is raised, and the land is highly cultivated. 
Distance from Lenox, 6 miles ; from Boston, 125. 

7/ic. 1778.] 2. ADAMS. [Pop. 3,703. 

It was called East Hoosick or Hoosack, until it was incorporated, 
and named after the patriot Samuel Adams. 

Adams was settled from Connecticut and Rhode Island, and many 
of the early settlers were Friends or Quakers. 

The natural bridge of rock over Hudson's Brook is a great curiosity. 

Saddle Mountain, probably the highest land in the State, is remark- 
able for being a single mountain with two peaks, running between 
the great ranges on each side of it. 

During the French wars, Fort Massachusetts, in this town, was 
repeatedly attacked by the French and Indians. 

Adams is situated on the Hoosick River, and is the greatest manu- 
facturing town in the county, having numerous cotton and woollen 
mills, and calico-printing works. 

Distance from Lenox, 27 miles ; from Boston, 120. 

Inc. 1761.] 3. GREAT BARRINGTON. [Pop. 2,704 

Great Barrington was once a parish of Sheffield, and was the shire 
or county town from 1761 to 1787, when the courts were removed to 
Lenox. 



ir>i»ij 'u'aimju. i^iUjttBiga 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 209 

The town is well watered by the Housatonic and one of its branches. 
Alum Hill and Monument Mountain are interesting to lovers of Jine 
scenery. 

The chief manufactures are of cotton, wool, and iron. 

Distance from Lenox, 14 miles ; from Boston, 125. 

Inc. 1777.] 4. LEE. [Pop. 2,428. 

Part of Lee was taken from Washington, part from Great Bar- 
rington, and the rest was made up of tracts that had been granted by 
the General Court. 

The town was named Lee in honor of Charles Lee, a Major- 
General in the army of the Revolution at the time of its incorporation. 

Lee is situated on the Housatonic, which with its branches supplies 
it with abundant water-power. The surface is hilly, if not moun- 
tainous, and iron ore and good marble are found here. 

The chief article manufactured is paper, but there are also factories 
of cotton, wool, and iron. 

Distance from Lenox, 5 miles ; from Boston, 120. 

Inc. 1733.] 5. SHEFFIELD. [Pop. 2,322. 

Sheffield was originally the lowest of certain tracts called the 
Housatonic townships, and originally included the southern part of 
Great Barrington. For many years it was claimed by New York. 

The Housatonic divides the town from north to south, and often 
widely overflowing its banks, enriches the soil, and makes the town 
essentially agricultural. 

Sheffield is mountainous, and Taconic or Mount Washington, on 
the western border, is very elevated. Iron ore and an excellent white 
marble are yb?mc? here. 

Distance from Lenox, 20 miles; from Boston, 125. 

14 



210 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

Inc. 1765.] 6. WILLIAJNISTOWN. IFop, 2,153. 

This town, once called West Hoosick, was named after Colonel 
Ephraim Williams, a native of Newton, in Middlesex county, who 
bequeathed a sum of money, which led to the foundation of Williams' 
College, in 1793. 

The town is situated on the Hoosick, and on Green River, one of 
its branches. 

The surface is elevated, and the Taconic range separates the town 
from New York. 

The land is generally good for grazing or tillage. Some cotton 
and woollen goods are made, but agriculture is the main business of 
this beautiful town. 

Distance from Lenox, 25 miles; from Boston, 135. 

Inc. 1739.] 7. STOCKBRIDGE. [Pop. 1,992. 

Stockbridge was originally set apart for the Housatonic or Mohe- 
gan tribe of Indians, and it was a missionary station from 1735 to 
1788, when the last of the tribe removed to western New York, from 
whence, in 1822, they removed to Green Bay, in Michigan. After 
the town was incorporated, the tribe were generally known as the 
Stockbridge tribe. 

These Indians were quite civilized under the ministry of John Ser- 
geant, Jonathan Edwards, and other missionaries, and they rendered 
essential se7V)ice to their white neighbors during the French wars, and 
to the States during the war of Independence. 

Stockbridge is on the Hoosick, north of Monument Mountain, which 
was so called from a small mound of stones raised at its foot over the 
grave of some Indian. The scenery of the town is much admired. 

The chief manufactures are of cotton, wool, and iron. 

Distance from Lenox, 6 miles ; from Boston, 130. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 211 

Inc. 1759.] 8. NEW MARLBOROUGH. {Pop. 1,682. 

New Marlborough was caUed Housatonic Township, No. 2, until 
its incorporation. 

It was named by the first settlers, who chiefly came from Marl- 
borough, in Middlesex county. 

The surface is hilly, and in some places stony. 

Here are some fine ponds whose outlets water the town, and run 
into the Housatonic. 

A cavern in the west part of the town, and a rocking-stone near 
the centre, are great natural curiosities. 

Distance from Lenox, 20 miles ; from Boston, 130. 

Inc. 1762.] 9. TYRINGHAM. \_Pop. 1,477. 

Tyringham was named after a town in England. 

It is hilly, and watered by ponds and their outlets, which run into 
the Housatonic. 

Hop-Brook Valley is a beautiful spot, and near it is a considerable 
village of Shakers. 

The manufactures^ on a small scale, are various, but the chief 
business is agriculture. 

Distance from Lenox, 14 miles ; from Boston, 125. 

Inc. 1762.] 10. SANDISFIELD. {Pop. 1,464. 

Sandisfield was greatly enlarged in 1819, by the annexation of a 
district at the south, containing eleven thousand acres. 

It is separated from Tolland, in Hampden county, by Farmington 
River, on the bank of which Hanging Mountain presents an almost 
perpendicular front, four hundred and fifty feet high. 



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ranBOEEmaa 



212 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

The land is hilly, and good for grazing. 
Some wool is raised, and much leather tanned. 
Distance from Lenox, 20 miles ; from Boston, 116. 

Inc, 1774.] 11. WEST STOCKBRIDGE. ^Pop. 1,448. 

This town was tahen from Stockbridge, and before its incorporation 
was called Queensborough. It belonged to the Stockbridge tribe of 
Indians. 

Stockbridge Mountain separates West Stockbridge from the old 
town, and Williams River, a branch of the Housatonic, aflfords mill- 
sites for the sawing of marble, of which the town furnishes many 
beautiful varieties. 

Distance from Lenox, 5 miles ; from Boston, 135. 

Inc. 1765.] 12. BECKET. [Pop. 1,342. 

Part of a district, called Bethlehem, was annexed to Becket in 1810. 

Becket is on the Green or Hoosack range, and a healthful region^ 
though cold and not very fertile. 

Distance from Lenox, 15 miles ; from Boston, 120. 

Inc. 1767.] 13. LENOX. Pop. 1,313. 

Lenox was the family name of the Duke of Richmond, in honor 
of whom, Richmond, to which Lenox once belonged, was named. 
The Indian name was Yohun. 

Lenox is the county or shire town of Berkshire county. 

The town is situated on the Housatonic ; the mountain-scenery is 
picturesque, and the village beautiful. 

Iron ore and marble abound, and are extensively manufactured. 

Distance from Boston, 130 miles. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 213 

Inc. 1784.] 14. DALTON. \_Pop. 1,255. 

This town was named after the Hon. Tristram Dalton, then Speaker 
of the House of Representatives. 

It is situated on the eastern branch of the Housatonic, and tlie 
land is generally productive. 

Paper and woollen goods are the chief manufactures. 

Distance from Lenox, 10 miles ; from Boston, 120. 



Inc. 1773.] 15. OTIS. [Pop. 1,177. 

This town was called Loudon till 1810, when it was named Otis, 
in honor of Harrison Gray Otis, a distinguished citizen of Boston, 
then Speaker of the House of Representatives. 

In 1809, part of a district, called Bethlehem, was annexed to this 
town. 

Otis lies among the Green Mountains, and is watered by sources 
of Westfield and Farmington River. The ground is rough, and so 
rocky, as to render cultivation difficult. 

Distance from Lenox, 15 miles ; from Boston, 120. 



Inc. 1765.] 16. LANESBOROUGH. \_Pop. 1,140. 

Lanesborough was first granted to some citizens of Framingham, 
in Middlesex county, and it once included a part of Cheshire. 

The first settlers were somewhat trouhled during the French and 
Indian wars, but did not suffer seriously. 

The town is situated on a source of the Housatonic, which runs 
through a large and beautiful pond. A source of the Hoosick also 
rises in Lanesborough. 



214 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



The land is good, and agriculture is the main employment. Many 
valuable sheep graze upon the hills, and iron ore and excellent 
marble abound beneath them. 

Distance from Lenox, 11 miles ; from Boston, 125. 

Inc. 1765.] 17. RICHMOND. ^Pop. 1,097. 

Richmond once included Lenox, and was named after the Duke 
of Richmond. 

Several branches of the Housatonic issue from Richmond. The 
land is fertile, and the scenery delightful. 

The raising of sheep and the manufacture of iron, next to agricul- 
ture, are the chief concern. 

Distance from Lenox centre, 5 miles ; from Boston, 135. 

Inc. 1760.] 18. EGREMONT. \_Pop. 1,038. 

The soil is generally good, though somewhat mountainous, and the 
inhabitants are farmers. 

Some small streams, that finally reach the Housatonic, water the 
town. 

Many of the people of Egremont engaged in the rebellion of Shays, 
and this long destroyed the harmony of the town. 

Distance from Lenox, 15 miles ; from Boston, 130. 

Inc. 1777.] 19. WASHINGTON. [Pop. 991. 

This town is one of the many hundreds that show the veneration 
with which the name of the Father of his Countrt is every 
where regarded by this grateful nation ; but this town, in point of 
time, is behind few or none of them. 



riaiyiwMiiJiniiim 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 215 

The whole township is mountainous, and watered by sources of 
the Housatonic and Westfield River, and the soil is well adapted 
for grazing. 

Distance from Lenox, 8 miles ; from Boston, 120. 

Inc. 1793.] 20. CHESHIRE. [Pop. 985. 

This town was formed from parts of Lanesborough, New Asbford, 
Adams, and Windsor. 

The town rises from the centre into hills well adapted for grazing ; 
and the products of the dairy, rivalling those of Cheshire in England, 
probably suggested the jiame. 

The greatest event in the history of this town was the manufacture 
of a cheese, weighing over twelve hundred pounds, which was sent to 
the President of the United States, in the year 1801. 

The Hoosic River passes northwardly through Cheshire. 

Distance from Lenox, 16 miles ; from Boston, 120. 

Inc. 1804] 21. HINSDALE. \_Pop. 955. 

Hinsdale is composed of portions of Dalton and Peru, and was 
named after its first minister. 

A source of the Housatonic waters the town, whose elevated soil 
is adapted to grazing. 

A considerable quantity of wool is raised and manufactured here. 

Distance from Lenox, 15 miles ; from Boston, 124. 

Inc. 1776.] 22. HANCOCK. ^Pop. 922. 

Before its incorporation, this long strip of land was called Jericho, 
because walled in by mountains ; but its preserd name was given in 
honor of the patriot, John Hancock, then President of the Provincial 
Congress, and afterwards Governor of Massachusetts. ' 



laJurmnKJiMUi 



■•"'—••■"■**— 



216 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

The township is sixteen miles long, and about two broad, but it 
was not so narrow until the running of the boundary line gave part 
of it to New York. 

The Shakers have a flourishing village at the south part of Han- 
cock, and the citizens generally live by farming. 

Distance from Lenox, 15 miles ; from Boston, 129. 

Inc. 1797.] 23. SAVOY. [Pop. 915. 

This township was originally granted to the heirs of soldiers who 
were in the Canada expedition of 1690, and it was probably named 
Savoy, because, like Savoy in Sardinia, it is a mountainous region. 

Branches of Deerfield and Westfield Rivers rise in this town. 

The inhabitants are mostly farmers, who raise cattle and keep 
large dairies. 

Distance from Lenox, 25 miles ; from Boston, 125. 

Inc. 1771.] 24. WINDSOR. \_Pop. 897. 

This town was atjirst called Gageborough, in honor of the last 
British Governor of the Province ; but, just after the Revolution 
commenced, the name was changed to Windsor. 

Windsor originally contained a part of Cheshire. 

Branches of the Housatonic and Westfield River rise within a 
few rods of each other. On the Housatonic, is a beautiful fall of 
water. 

The soil is various, but is best adapted to grazing. 

Distance from Lenox, 18 miles ; from Boston, 120. 

Inc. 1771.] 25. PERU. [Pop. 576. 

Peru included the greater part of Hinsdale, and was called Par- 
tridgefield, after one of its two owners, until 1806. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 




The surface is mountainous, and gives rise to several sources of the 
Hoiisatonic and Westfield River, which run in opposite directions. 

The soil is cold and often sterile, but not unfit for grazing. Ex- 
cellent lime is found in the town. 

Distance from Lenox, 18 miles ; from Boston, 111. 

Inc. 1773.] 26. ALFORD. [Pop. 481. 

This small, irregularly shaped town was composed of land pur- 
chased of the Stockbridge tribe of Indians, and of a part of Great 
Barrington. 

The western part of the town is mountainous, but the soil in the 
valleys is good, and the inhabitants are chiefly farmers. 
Distance from Lenox, 14 miles ; from Boston, 136. 

Inc. 1805.] 27. FLORIDA. \_Pop. 441. 

This mountainous town has an irregular surface, and a severe 
climate. It is composed of several grants. 

Deerfield River forms the eastern boundary. 

The inhabitants depend upon the produce of their dairies, and the 
raising of cattle. 

Distance from Lenox, 27 miles ; from Boston, 125. 

Inc. 1779.] 28. MOUNT WASHINGTON. \_Pop. 438. 

This town was formerly called Taconic Mountain ; and it was 
claimed by New York, as part of the Livingston Manor. 

The whole town is very elevated, rocky, and barren. 

The inhabitants keep some sheep, make some charcoal, and make 
up in health and contentment for many things that their climate and 
soil deny them. 

Distance from Lenox, 22 miles ; from Boston, 135. 



218 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

Inc. 1798.] 29. CLARKSBURG. {Po'p, 370. 

This town was named after the family of Clark, which is numerous 
in the settlement. 

The mountain land is cold and rocky. A branch of the Hoosick 
waters the central part, but the principal resource of the inhabitants 
is lumber. 

Distance from Lenox, 27 miles ; from Boston, 125. 

Inc. 1801.] 30. NEW ASHFORD. Pop. 227. 

New Ashford, the smallest town in the State, lies between Saddle 
Mountain and the Taconic range. Branches of the Housatonic and 
Hoosick issue in opposite directions from the town. 

After long wringing a living from the unwilling soil, the inhabi- 
tants have lately found employment in their valuable quarries of 
marble. 

Distance from Lenox, 18 miles ; from Boston, 130. 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 219 



RAILROADS. 



[The lesson on Railroads may be made a useful exercise. The 
little pupils may be invited to travel, and to name the several towns, 
with their distances from Boston. These distances are from depot 
to depot, and not from the centre of towns, as distances are computed 
in the previous lessons on the towns. 

The author, at first, did not intend to notice the railroads, or their 
tracks would have been marked on the county maps ; but, if the 
teacher tliinks it necessary, the pupils can dot the track with a pen, 
after the teacher has dotted one book according to the State map, or 
some other correct one.] 

At present (1845) six principal Railroads start from Boston, and 
run in different directions, some of them sending off branches almost 
as important as themselves. 

The figures opposite the names show that there is a depot in that town, and 
give its distance from Boston. 

1. THE WORCESTER AND WESTERN RAILROAD. 

This road starts from Boston, and ru7is almost a westerly course, 
to Albany, in the State of New York. The towns of Massachusetts 
through which it passes, are as follows : 

Suffolk Co. Boston, 

Norfolk Co. Roxbury. 

Brookline. 

Middlesex Co. Brighton, 5 

Newton, 9 

Weston, 

Norfolk Co. Needham, 13 



Middlesex Co. Natick, 

Framinirham, • • • 


17 

21 


Hopkinton, • ■ • • 


24 


Worcester Co. Southborough, • • 


28 


Westborough, • • • 


33 


Graflon, 


38 


Millbury, 





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220 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



Worcester Co. Worcester,. • • 44 

Auburn, 

Leicester, • 63 

Oxford, 

Charlton, 67 

Spencer, 62 

Brookfield, 69 

Warren, 73 

Hampden Co. Palmer, 83 

Monson, 

Wilbraham, 89 

Springfield, • • 98 
West Springfield,! 00 
Westtield, 108 



116 



Hampden Co. Russell, 

Montgomery, • • • 

Norwich, 

Chester, 119 

Middlefield, .... 

Berkshire Co. Becket, 135 

Washington, 138 

Hinsdale, 143 

Dalton, 146 

Pittsfield, 151 

Richmond, • • • • -159 
W. Stockbridge, 162 
Albany, State of 
New York. • • • 200 



The Worcester and Norwich Branch Railroad runs from Worcester 
to Norwich in Connecticut, and joasses in a southerly direction through 
Worcester, Auburn, Oxford and Webster, into Connecticut. 

The Berkshire and Housatonic Railroad enters Berkshire county 
from Connecticut, and, after passing through Sheffield and Great 
Barrington, unites with the Western Railroad in West Stockbridge. 

A Branch passes through Springfield, south, to Hartford and New 
Haven, in Connecticut, and another Branch goes north to Northamp- 
ton and Deerfield, in Hampshire and Franklin counties. 

2. THE BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE RAILROAD. 

This railroad, the second in point of age, starts from Boston, and 
passes in a direction a little west of south, through the following 
towns, to Providence in Rhode Island. 

Norfolk Co. Roxbury, 5 Bristol Co 

Dorchester, 

Dedhara, 9 

Canton, 14 

Sharon, 17 

Foxborough, • • • • 21 



Mansfield, 24 

Attleborough, 30 

Pawtucket, 35 

Seekonk, 38 

Providence, R. I. 42 



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FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 221 

This railroad is continued beyond Providence, to Stonington, in 
Connecticut. 

The Taunton and New Bedford Branch Railroaas start from Mans- 
field, and pass, in a southeasterly direction, through the following 
towns, all of which are in Bristol county. 

Mansfield, Middleborough, 

Norton, Freetown, 

Taunton, New Bedford, • • 

Berkeley, Total from Boston, bb miles. 

A branch of this Branch goes from Taunton to Fall River, in | 
Bristol county. \ 

3. THE LOWELL AND NASHUA RAILROAD. 

This third principal railroad starts from Boston, in a northwesterly 
direction, and passes through the following towns in Middlesex coun- 
ty, into New Hampshire. 

Cambridge, ^ Blllerica, 19 

Somerville,- • . • • Tewksbury, 22 

Medford, 5 Lowell, 26 

Woburn, 8 Chelmsford, 31 

Wilmington, 15 Tyngsborough, • • • 34 

4. THE EASTERN RAILROAD. 

This fourth principal railroad starts from East Boston, in a direc- 
tion a little east of north, and passes through the following towns of 
Essex county into New Hampshire, and thence to Portland, in Maine. 

Chelsea, Hamilton, 

Saugus, Ipswich, 25 

Lynn, 9 Rowley, 29 

Salem, 14 Newbury, 

Beverly, 16 Newburyport, • • • 34 

Wenham, 20 Sahsbury, 36 



aajmsuiil ujiu um B . ' jfi i f. 



222 



ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



5. THE MAINE EXTENSION RAILROAD. 

This fifth principal railroad, like the fourth, goes to Portland, in 
Maine, but its course is north of the other, with which, however, it 
unites at South Berwick, in Maine. It starts from Boston, and be- 
fore it reaches New Hampshire, passes through the following towns : 



Middlesex Co. Charlestown, • • • • 

Somerville, 

Maiden, 5 

South Reading, • -10 
Reading, 12 



Middlesex Co. Wilmington,- • • • • 15 

Essex Co. Andover, 23 

Bradford, 31 

Haverhill, 32 

into New Hampshire. 



6. THE FITCHBURG RAILROAD. 

This sixth principal railroad starts from Charlestown, opposite 
Boston, and passes, in a direction somewhat north of west, through 
the following towns : 



Middlesex Co. Acton, 27 

Boxborough, • • • • 

Littleton, 31 

Groton, 35 

Shirley, 40 

Worcester Co. Lunenburg, 

Leominster, 46 

Fitchburg, 48 



Middlesex Co. Charlestown, • • • • 

Somerville, 

Cambridge, 

AVest Cambridge, • 6 

Watertown, 

"VValtham, 10 

Weston, 13 

Lincoln, 17 

Concord, 20 

A seventh railroad is nearly finished from Boston to Plymouth. 
Its course is southeasterly, and it will probably pass through the fol- 
lowing towns : 

Norfolk Co. Dorchester, • 

Quincy, 

Braintree, • • • 

Weymouth, • 
Plymouth Co. Abington, • • • 



• • 3 Plymouth Co. Hanson, 24 

. • 8 Halifax, 28 

. -11 Plympton, 29 

• -14 Kingston, 32 

••18 Plymouth, 37 

All the above railroads have important branches, and will probably 
be extended as far as possible. 



r«». II.J1.M..IU-....— 



FOR MASSACHUSETTS CHILDREN. 



223 



PRONUNCIATION OF PROPER NAMES. 



[No names are introduced that are not in tliis Geography, and of 
these only such as have something peculiar in their pronunciation.] 



Spelled. 
Af ghan is tan, 
Al ta ma ha, 
A mour, 
Ar kan sas, 
Ba lii a, 
Bher ing, 
Bor deaux, 
Bor nou, 
Bour bon, 
Bue nos Ay res, 
Ca bill, 
Cas tile, 
Cay enne, 
Cel e bes, 
j Cham plain, 
Chi ca go, 
Chi li, 

Con nect i cut, 
Crim e a. 



Pronounced. 

Af-gan-i-stan.' 

Al-ta-ma-haw'. 

A-moor'. 

Ar-kan-saw'. 

Bah'-e-ah. 

Ber'ring. 

Bor-do'. 

Bor-noo''. 

Boor'bon. 

Boo-a'nos A'-rez. 

Ca'bul. 

Cas-teel'. 

Ca-yen'. 

Cel'e-bees. 

Sham-plane. 

Chi-caw'go. 

Che'le. 

Con-net'-e-cut. 

Crim-e'ah. 



Spelled. 

Dnie per, 
Dnies ier, 
E cua dor, 
Falk land, 
Fez zan, 
Fin is terre. 
Gen o a, 
Guar da fui, 
Gui a na, 
Guay a quil, 
Hamp den, 
Hin dos tan, 
Hou sa ton ic, 
II li nois, 
I o wa, 
Jo an nes, 
Ja va, 

Kamts chat ka, 
Leff horn. 



Pronounced. 

Nee '-per. 

Nees'-ter. 

Ec-wa-dor'. 

Fawk-land. 

Fez-zan'. 

Fin-is-tare'. 

Gen'o-ah. 

Gar-daf-we'. 

Guee-an'-ah. 

Gooa-ya-keel'. 

Ham'den. 

Hin-doo-stan". 

How-sa-ton-ic. 

H'le-noy. 

I-o-waw'. 

Jo-an'nez. 

Jah-vah. 

Kamts-chat'-kah. 

Le-gorn'. 



fc?_- 



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meszzoDEsatBs 



224 


ELEMENTARY 


GEOGRAPHY. 




Spelled. 


Pronounced. 


Spelled. 


Pronounced. 


Leices ter, 


Les'-ter. 


Ra leigh, 


Raw 'ley. 


Leom in ster, 


Lem'in-ster. 


Read ing, 


Red'ding. 


Ley den, 


Ly-dn. 


Rio Ja nei ro. 


Ree'o Ja-ne'-ro. 


Loire, 


Loo-ah'. 


Sal is bury. 


Sawlz'-bu-ry. 


Ma dei ra, 


Mah-da'-rah. 


Sen e gal. 


Sen'e-gall. 


Ma drid. 


Ma-drid'. 


Su ma tra, 


Su-mah'-trah. 


Ma gel Ian, 


Ma-jel'lan. 


Tay mour, 


Tay '-moor. 


Mei nam, 


IVIi'nam. 


Tchad, 


Chad. 


Mich e gan, 


IMish'-e-gan. 


Te he ran, 


Te-he-ran'. 


Mis sou ri, 


Miz-zoo'-re. 


Ten e riffe, 


Ten-e-reef. 


Mo bile. 


Mo-beel'. 


Ter ra del 


I Ter'rah del 
) Foo-a'go. 


Mon te Vi de o 


, Mon-te Ve'-da-o. 


Fu e go. 


Mon tre al, 


Mon-tre-all'. 


Thames, 


Tern/. 


Mo zam bique, 


Mo-zam-beek'. 


Thi bet. 


Te-bet'. 


M ag a ra, 


(. ag-a-rah 


U ra guay, 
Ural, 


Oo-rah-gway'. 
Oo'-ral. 


Or le ans. 


Or'le-ans. 


Wa bash. 


Waw'bosh. 


Pan a ma, 


Pan-a-mah'. 


Wo burn, 


Woo 'burn. 


Par a guay. 


Par-a-gooay'. 


Wor ces ter, 


Woos'ter. 


Par i mar i bo, 


Par-e-mar'-e-bo. 


Xingu, 


Zin'goo. 


Qui to. 


Kee'to. 


Yen i sei, 


Yen'e-see. 



[The pupil who has mastered this Geography may pursue his 
studies in the Common School Geography, by the same author, who 
gives notice that he intends immediately to prepare Large Outline 
Maps adapted to this work, and, as soon as may be, to pursue the 
same plan in regard to other States.] 

END. 



LBJa-21 



Z'StPiom 



